Euthanasia Research Paper - 1614 Words

Marilyn Viruet Euthanasia Would one rather save a life, or save themselves? Can someone’s life be that bad that they would ask someone to help end it? Euthanasia is an act that happens rarely. Nearly 1 in 5 doctors who care for seriously ill and people reported that they had been asked, on one or more occasions, for assistance in speeding a patients death, either by writing prescriptions for lethal drugs or delivering a lethal injection. (http://www.nytimes.com) Euthanasia is the termination of a very sick persons life in order to relieve them of their suffering. The physician would provide the patient with information or tools needed to perform the act. Not only is Euthanasia dangerous, but it involves an innocent taking the life†¦show more content†¦However, the physician can provide the patient with information that allows the patient to cause deadly harm. For example, a 45 year old woman who just found out she has stage 4 breast cancer wants to die because she knows she does not have a lo ng time. She can submit a request to her physician to terminate any care she is receiving that will make her any better. In the request she can state her reason being that she wants to die. If the physician is aware of her request and reason and participates in the action, he is in violation of the Hippocratic Oath and can get fired. Four types of physician assisted suicide or euthanasia can be committed. The physician can kill the patient intentionally without the patients permission or request, the physician can kill the patient intentionally with a request, the physician allows the patient to die by stopping any treatment being given, and lastly the physician stops any treatment that he knows will not better the patient. Each of these tupes of assisted suicide can put a doctor in a position of discomfort. Occasionally physicians do this as a patients dying wish and see it as helping their patients end their struggle or doing them a favor, but it is not productive, it causes more harm. In the UK some families who saw those patients die with assistance saw it as a right. It was discovered that a quarter of responders who have been diagnosed with a deathly illness would rather have an earlier death. SomeShow MoreRelatedResearch Paper on Euthanasia2709 Words   |  11 PagesResearch Paper on Euthanasia Paper Presented to Professor TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 Eight Arguments to Consider†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 The Right to Die†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Patient Suffering†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....3 Slippery Slope to Legalized Murder†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Hippocratic Oath and Prohibition of Killing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Government Involvement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Palliative Care†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreActive Euthanasia Pros and Cons Essay1640 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Euthanasia is a long debated topic, going back for decades in our country alone. Both sides of the topic have valid points morally and ethically. The Netherlands have had euthanasia laws in effect since 1973. America has very few states with legislation on the books: Oregon enacted in 1997, Washington 2008. Germany experimented with Active Euthanasia in the 1930’s, resulting in one of the most horrendous genocides in the past millennium. No where else do we have a cohort more at riskRead MoreEuthanasia Is An Action With A Medical Profession1525 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia is an action with a medical profession’s help to finish a patient’s life with the patient’s requirement (D, np). In many people’s mind, euthanasia gives them a picture of patients struggling miserably at the edge of death (E, np). It is a controversial topic through centuries. A lot of people support it because they consider it is a useful treatment to those patients suffer ing from physically and mentally. Meanwhile, same amount of people try to find negative impacts of it to againstRead MoreEuthanasi The Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia1650 Words   |  7 PagesQualitative Research Proposal What do 18-25 year old Adelaide students think about legalising voluntary euthanasia in Australia? Introduction The purpose of this research is to seeking and analysing the opinions about legalising voluntary euthanasia within Adelaide students (aged 18-25 years old). With recent changes to legalisation of child euthanasia in Belgium, the controversial issue of euthanasia is currently being re-spotlighted all over the world. Ongoing active discussion on the legalisationRead More Euthanasia Essay example1344 Words   |  6 Pages Euthanasia, also known as mercy killing is a practice of ending a life to release an individual from an incurable disease or intolerable suffering. Euthanasia has been accepted both legally and morally in various forms in many societies but not in all. â€Å"In ancient Greece and Rome it was permissible in some situations to help others die. For example, the Greek writer Plutarch mentioned that in Sparta infanticide was practiced on children who lacked quot;health and vigor.quot; Both Socrates andRead MoreEuthanasi A Way Out Of Suffering1742 Words   |  7 Pages Euthanasia; A Way Out Of Suffering Chelsey L. Isner Weir High School Mrs. Lengthorn Mrs. Pellegrino  Abstract Human euthanization is not something new, but it is widely believed to be unethical. In reality, human euthanization is a painless solution to a terminal illness. The topic of this paper is how euthanization for humans is not a bad thing. During the writing process questions were asked about how religion views euthanasia, if it would be used for suicidal purposes, If Belgium’s lawRead MoreIs Euthanasia A Lethal Injection?1269 Words   |  6 Pagesto death, veterinarians will inform the owner on options of euthanasia or â€Å"putting the pet to sleep.† While the owner officially has to make the decision of putting the pet out of it’s pain or misery with a lethal injection. In the case of humans, rather than animals, whether or not a lethal injection should be given is a highly argued ethical and economical matter. In this paper, peoples’ cultures and how they affect the view of euthanasia, will be discussed along with the cost of medical proceduresRead Mor eMy Portfolio Is A Reflection Of The Two Best864 Words   |  4 PagesPossibilities,† and my Research-based Academic Argument (RBAA), â€Å"Euthanasia.† These two essays are my best work, and were both improvements from the first essay that I completed for this class. With many hours being put into both of these papers, I worked hard to stay organized and have good research, both things that I previously had problems with. My writing skills have become much stronger in persuasive and logical writing, thanks to this class, along with my ability to find strong research for my essaysRead MoreEuthanasia - Arguments For And Against Euthanasia Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesEnd of life - Euthanasia - Arguments for and against euthanasia. (2006, April 1). Retrieved November 6, 2015. This article sets out the most vital and most recurrently adduced arguments for and against euthanasia. Each subdivision takes as its root, one aspect of the discussion. For example, autonomy and the inviolability of life, designating how it is probable to argue both for and against euthanasia, correspondingly, on the basis of the identical facet. It suggests â€Å"The account will include suchRead MoreThe Controversial Topic of Euthanasia975 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia is a controversial topic throughout today’s society. As euthanasia is illegal in America, Singer fights for the legalization of voluntary euthanasia, which means the patients make voluntary request to be assisted to die. While religious views value that the life cannot be taken away so easily, Singer focuses on the human rights that enable their choices to die or not to die. However, I do not agree with singer’s respect for autonomy on the issue of voluntary euthanasia because this issue

Abigail Adams and How She Shaped the Role of Women in...

Almost everyone’s heard of her, there have been numerous books written about her, several thousand letters accounted for that she wrote. She was also the wife of the second president and the mother to the sixth American president, who was this woman? She was Abigail Adams. Abigail Adams life didn’t acquire meaning solely from knowing and being around these two great men however, Adams was eminently worth knowing as an individual herself. Throughout the ages, women have always been involved in war but Abigail Adams brought a new concept to women and war with her involvement in the early colonial years and the American Revolution. Abigail Adams did many things in her lifetime but the questions I will be attempting to answer is how†¦show more content†¦Therefore, although she had no formal education herself Abigail was well informed on philosophy, theology, the classics, ancient history, government and law, she especially enjoyed Shakespeare. At the ripe young age of nineteen Abigail Smith became Abigail Adams when she married John Adams. Getting married at nineteen was the standard age for marriage at that time and their marriage was a great partnership approved by all. They wed in her Smith family home in Weymouth Massachusetts by her father, Reverend Smith. John Adams was a lawyer at the time and after the ceremony they drove off in a horse carriage to the Adam’s family cottage where they lived for the beginning time of their marriage. They later moved to Boston and lived in a series of rented homes before settling in their large farm â€Å"Peace field† in 1787 while John Adams was Minister to Great Britain. From the time after the Adams settled on their farm, Abigail Adams began writing. Her letters were mostly to her husband John who was constantly away on business, along with to various other correspondents, mainly family and friends. Shortly after her marriage to John, Abigail gave birth to three sons and two daughters from 1765 to 1772. Abigail Adams was a hard worker and involved mother; even sharing the finances and the farming on their property, while John was off working at his law firm in Boston or away elsewhere onShow MoreRelatedAbigail Adams : Exemplary And Stereotypes919 Words   |  4 PagesAbigail Adams: Exemplary in Differences and Stereotypes Of Women in the 18th Century Abigail Adams is one of the most well known women in our national history. Her life demonstrated many characteristics that were exemplary in difference and also typical for her gender of the eighteenth century. Her education, religion, marriage and gender all attributed to make her the admirable woman we study today. In her early life, Abigail never went to school, which was common among girls of that time. â€Å"ColonialRead MoreAbigail Adams And The Second President Of The Military During The Revolutionary War Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesAbigail Adams was a wife and a mother, but she was more than that. She was considered as an unofficial adviser for her husband John Adams, who was the second president of the United States. President Adams frequently requested advice from Abigail on many matters, and although she was not given any recognition during her time, she was an important figure for many people to come. Abigail was the voice for women’s movement, and a champion of the military during the Revolutionary war. Overall, she wasRead MoreWomens Rights: Before and After the American Revolution1697 Words   |  7 Pages Before and After the American Revolution The American Revolution played a significant role in lives of nearly every person in America. Most men left their wives, mothers, sisters and daughters in charge of farms and businesses when they left to fight in the Patriot armies. There were many men, who had no farms or businesses, left their women with absolutely nothing to fall back on. This led to a significant increase in the population of impoverished women in several cities and townsRead MoreHow Education Should Be Structured Essay2015 Words   |  9 PagesSince the birth of Puritanism in what is now the United States of America, education has been shaped and molded time and time again with each movement of North American history. Most early American literature was persevered not in the form of novels, but in letters, diary and journal entries, and memoirs. These works often focused on the daily struggle of the author and the author’s love for God even in straining situations. The Pilgrims, as well as the Puritans , believed that a firm education wasRead MoreFreedom And Freedom Of Freedom1864 Words   |  8 Pages Freedom, a loosely used word to describe something that us Americans, enjoy on a daily basis. Freedom, as defined in the Oxford Online Dictionary as being in â€Å"the state or fact of being free from servitude, constraint, inhibition, etc.; liberty.† America, prior to gaining independence in 1776 from Great Britain, was not referred to as a free country. The colonists, were under constant control of the British, even half-way around the world. Freedom during this time period prior to 1776 did not experienceRead MoreBuilding A Republic : Who Exactly Are The People?1796 Words   |  8 Pagesand as a result of the monarchy now being gone, new questions arose such as how to define citizenship, who should be given suffrage, and ultimately who should rule. This resulted in the adoption of the Articles of Confederation (Roark 198). Overall, we come to understand that the states h ad difficulty in defining who was meant by the term â€Å"the people† and the process of defining freedom (Roark 201). My paper will prove how arduous it was for this transition into freedom to take place and all the obstaclesRead MoreLeading Function of Management15642 Words   |  63 Pagesmanagement. It deals with chalking out a future course of action deciding in advance the most appropriate course of actions for achievement of pre-determined goals. According to KOONTZ, â€Å"Planning is deciding in advance - what to do, when to do how to do. It bridges the gap from where we are where we want to be†. A plan is a future course of actions. It is an exercise in problem solving decision making. Planning is determination of courses of action to achieve desired goals. Thus, planningRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesComprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology

Entrepreneurial Leadership Free Essays

Not unlike its sister field of leadership, entrepreneurship has long struggled to identify a coherent theoretical and conceptual framework capable of explaining the phenomenon known as â€Å"entrepreneurship† and more importantly the role of the â€Å"entrepreneur. † The focus of this paper is to examine similarities and differences between the fields of leadership and entrepreneurship and create a working definition of the â€Å"entrepreneurial leader. † The field of entrepreneurship has long held that there is a symbiotic bond between the creation of the new venture and the role of the entrepreneurial leader-founder. We will write a custom essay sample on Entrepreneurial Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now The entrepreneurship leader lends his/her vision, leadership style and strategy to the very essence or the core of the business. The individual is a major independent variable influencing the outcome and success of the business. Introduction The function of leadership and the role of the leader is a constant point of debate among scholars, researchers, and practitioners. Issues abound regarding whether leaders are â€Å"born† or â€Å"made. † The early literature on entrepreneurship focused on trait theory and the role of the individual. More recent studies have examined the characteristics and intentions between those entrepreneurs who start â€Å"lifestyle† business versus growth or â€Å"gazelle† entrepreneurs. The concept of â€Å"entrepreneurship leadership† is raising the intellectual debate to a new plane. This paper seeks to rise to the challenge be presenting arguments supporting the â€Å"entrepreneurial leadership† concept. Entrepreneurial Leadership 1. Discuss the common elements described in the theories/philosophies or Case, Kouzes, and Drucker including how their principles/strategies relate to the new definition of entrepreneurial leadership presented in Understanding Entrepreneurial Leadership in today’s Dynamic Markets. After listening to the podcasts of Steve Case, former Leadership Challenge the reading the article written by Peter Drucker of entitled, Entrepreneurial Strategies and the conference proceeding from the Association of Small Business and Entrepreneurial. Former AOL CEO and Chairman Steve Case describe people, passion, and perseverance as the three words that are the bedrock of a successful entrepreneurial. Heading into what may be a â€Å"golden era of entrepreneurship. † Entrepreneurship is a very important to the underlining success of our country in the future. But, â€Å"he says that we must rely on the ‘’three p’s† as an assessment to help guide us with our direction and goals. When all of these three parts are in balance almost everything is possible, but if not nothing is possible. And an entrepreneur can achieve success like that of AOL; when they aren’t, you get the failure of the AOL-Time Warner merger. Next, James Kouzes talks about five key areas in order to rise to the leadership challenge. He says that modeling the way is the foundation of creditability. Managers and front-line supervisors must always set a good example and doing what they say by personally modeling that way. And, because they have the most influential on a day-to-day behavior they must have a forward looking vision for the organization. They must also challenge the process by focusing on improvements by trying something new and different.  They must enable other to act by focusing on the team in-order see what motivate them to do their best and last they must encourage the heart by simply saying â€Å"thank you† for a job well done. Entrepreneurial Leadership 2. Discuss your leadership style or the style you aspire to be and how it compares to transactional, transformation, visionary, charismatic, principled, and entrepreneurial leadership. In today’s connective global environment, it is very clear that a new type of principled leader is needed who can operate in this highly changing dynamic market. This complex and volatile environments, calls for an entrepreneurial approach of having the right people are doing the right things, for the right people, in the right way, in the right place, at the right cost, and for the right reasons. This along visionary leadership increases efficiency by moving decision-making responsibility to the frontline. This efficiency is achieved with limited supervision to make the frontline responsibility effective; leadership must give workers opportunity to develop quality decision-making skills and learn to trust them. Wal-Mart stores use visionary leadership). This will enhance the firm’s performance, its capacity for adaptation, and its chances to long term survival. We must now operate under the assumption that the landscape of business is not isolated by city, state, and US borders, so entrepreneurial leaders can gain strategic advantage by developing global strategies. 3. As new entrepreneur, discuss how you would use resources and tools available through the Small Business Administration and score.  Starting a business involves planning, making key financial decisions and completing a series of legal activities. But, the U. S. Small Business Administration has several easy steps to help new entrepreneurs plan, prepare and manage their business. Such as, templates for writing a business plan, choosing a business location and determine the legal structure of your business just to name a few. Although, the federal and state government agencies do not provide grants to veterans like myself for starting a business.  However, there are a number of low-interest loans programs that’s available to help us obtain start-up financing. 4. If you were to create your personal principles of leadership, what would they be and explain why you would chose them. Personal leadership helps in realizing one’s right traits, skills, and motives to produce positive and constructive results. Leadership is not easy and it is often linked to walking in a minefield. The people who become leaders with the consent of others are the ones that succeed, rather than the self-proclaimed leaders. In order to be successful, a leader should abide by one’s own principles first and then tell others to follow. For instant, higher productivity from everyone, increased operational efficiency and effectiveness, improved motivation and morale from team members, and great job satisfaction in getting the best from the staff. Because, if an individual has a right vision to achieve the goals, he/she can never fail. Moreover, failures make one realizes their hidden strengthens and provide an opportunity to work better. How to cite Entrepreneurial Leadership, Essay examples Entrepreneurial Leadership Free Essays Using the WileyPlus resources, go to the Interactive Case Study â€Å"Five Guys Burgers and Fries: Ingredients for Success† example located in Chapter 3. To access the entire textbook, use the WileyPLUS Read, Study Practice link located in the Student Center. Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Entrepreneurial Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now Determine how Five Guys’ philosophy sets it apart from other fast-food chains. 2. Analyze the original values for the start-up company and how it remains strong today. . Enumerate three (3) factors that contributed to Five Guys’ success in such a short time and what effect, if any, external markets had on these factors. 4. Assess how ethical and social practices are part of the Five Guys’ culture and provide examples to support your choices. 5. Use at least five (5) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. †¢Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: Examine the private enterprise systems, drivers of change on the system, ethical and social responsibilities of business, and the requirements for success in today’s business environment. †¢Analyze the factors that drive supply and demand, different types of market structures in a free enterprise system, and factors of stability in a nation’s economy. †¢Use technology and information resources to research issues in contemporary business. †¢Write clearly and concisely about contemporary business using proper writing mechanics. How to cite Entrepreneurial Leadership, Papers

Digital Evidence Gathering Relationship to Chain of Custody

Question: Discuss about theDigital Evidence Gathering for Relationship to Chain of Custody. Answer: Introduction With the introduction of modern technologies and advanced processes of communication through electronic medium, huge volumes of data are being generated at a high velocity each day. Various law enforcement officers face challenges with the extraction of the digital evidences from different types of data storage devices. The data gathered from any laptops, digital cameras, cellular phones, hard drives, computers and even game that are related to any offence are defined as Digital Evidence (Abalenkovs et al., 2012, p-2136). The digital evidences found in the electronic devices triggers investigation in any criminal case. During an investigation, both the physical and digital evidence plays important role in decision making procedure in courtroom. With the advancement of technology, digital forensics utilizes several tools for the collection, security, analyzing, interpretation and presenting the digital evidence for the reconstruction of the series of events in a judicial process. On the other hand, the Chain of Custody is defined as the legal procedure for documentation of the digital evidence in chronological manner. Moreover, Ariffin et al., (2013, p-481) defined CoC (Chain of Custody) as in significant process for handing the evidences for investigation. The application of the CoC in the digital evidence allows in correlating the documents to the time, persons, place involved in each stage of the investigation. Therefore, the need of forensic tool for gathering and evaluating the digital evidence has increased simultaneously. In any forensic cases, the digital evidence assists in demonstrating the truth and simultaneously its consequences. Damshenas et al., (2012, p-192) cited that the admissibility of the evidence is dependent upon the qualities as observed by the judge. Therefore, the validity of the evidences is directly connected to the chain of custody. The validity of the evidences in turn increases the reliability and efficiency of the procedure. Since, the digital evidences are away from the sensory perception; it cannot be submitted without a chain of custody. This particular essay aims at evaluating the procedure of gathering digital evidence with the application of the Chain of Custody. Furthermore, the various components of the CoC are considered for evaluation and its importance while collecting crucial data related to investigation (Dezfoli et al., 2013, p-61). The essay assists in understanding the relationship between the Chain of custody and procedure for collecting digital evidence for investigation. Digital Evidence Gathering and its Relationship to Chain of Custody (CoC) Main Components of CoC: To make a proper a prominent process of COC or chain of custody investigator need to follow-up with some basic components of COC. The components of COC are the some sort of standardized elements which are used to identify or measure the value of digital evidence in the circumstances of digitized investigation process (Ibrahim et al., 2012, p-254). Some of the necessary components or tenants are described below Evidence Collection time: Each and every evidence is comes with a time period and time span during the collection of evidence from the place of investigation which also include the evidence collection date (Lalla et al., 2012, p-248). The Collection date and time refer the time span of collected evidence so it can be relate to the crime incident. Date and time of digital evidence validate their circumstances with real world scenario. Evidence Collection Spot: Investigation place may be differing by their location of crime spot because the evidence may found in some remote location which may not directly connected to the crime spot (Mishra at al., 2012, p-166). The document which are collected from the exact location of crime scene is can be classified as direct evidence and the evidence which are came from different area of investigation place can be classified as indirect source location of a digital evidence. Investigation person or the Investigating authority: In the process of digital evidence collection and procurement service the main key role is played by its investigating officer. Each and every perspective of storing and preservation of data are run through a proper channel of authorization (Nasreldin et al., 2015, p-153). The main reason of this fragment is to secure the evidence collection base so, that one unknown entity (suspect) may not harm or contaminate the evidences which are acquired from the crime spot or investigation. Type of Digital Media: The frame of the digital evidence procurement services also differs. The information which kept on digital media unit for the analysis collected evidence is needed to be ciphered by a strong cryptographic algorithm so that it cannot be accessible by the conventional media player (Shrivastava et al., 2013, p-532). This processes of conversion of format not only abstract the information it also maintained the privileged of information from the outsiders. Media Owner Identification: If digital document or media is ceased from the investigation scene then it is necessary to identify or locate the person who owned the digital content. In a short way of description, it can say that the Identification process must conclude some investigation about the owner of the media (Simou et al., 2014, p-303). Indexing of Collected Evidence: Investigators are work on a very big geographic domain or area, so it is not possible to memories all the evidence which are collected from different sources. So For the purpose of proper storage utilization, indexing technique needs to collaborate with the evidence collection unit. Device Description: For getting a flexible accessibility investigation process needs to accumulate a distinguish technology or method which can store information about device type, capacity, serial no, etc. (Wu et al., 2013, p-18). Hash verification: All the information or the files are secured and processed by hash verification process for future reusability and data integrity. Hash value processing method creates a unique serial number which contain data file's cyclic redundancy information. And in any case of using the documents on an investigation purpose it is necessary to recalculate the hash value with the notation of previously captured hash value and if the new calculation process produce the same value the information is allowed for further verification (Hitchcock, Le-Khac, Scanlon, 2016, p-81). Analytical Tools: The primary backbone of the entire digital forensic investigation system is the analytical tools which are used to determine the objective or the purpose of the evidence and its validity. The analytic or forensic tolls come in two type's format one is propriety, and another one is open source utility (Rani, Sultana, Sravani, 2016, p-98). All the tools are differed by their functionality and area of action. The above mentioned components and function are here to declare the process of forensic investigation over digital media. CoCs Importance for Gathering Digital Evidence: Establishment of the Chain of Custody for authentication of the digital evidence is crucial need before presenting the evidence in the courtroom. The transfer, storage and seizure of the evidence are accounted through the CoC. Pichan, Lazarescu, and Soh, (2015, p-43) cited that it is essential for the application CoC procedure for the admissible of digital evidence for investigation in court. Importance to the Investigators: The forensic data gathered from the digital devices allowed the investigators to view the metadata of the digital file but restricts the identification of the procedures the file was created. Since, some information about the gathered data are missing does not imply that the data have been compromised. Siegel, and Mirakovits, (2015, p-55) showed that the chain of custody allows the investigators to discover the location, process and creator of the acquired evidence. Importance to the Courtroom: The presentation of the Chain of Custody allows the prosecutor or the attorney to dismiss or challenge the series of digital evidences produced in the courtroom. With the proper utilization of the Chain of Custody along with digital evidence like video and audio evidences provides admissibility and authenticity of the presented evidences in the court. De Marco, Ferrucci, and Kechadi, (2014, p-251) showed that the various new procedures for establishing the Chain of Custody are becoming popular in the legal procedures. Moreover, the online services available for recording the CoC of the digital evidence Nelson, Phillips, and Steuart, (2014, p-187). Further, the introduction f he cloud storage has significantly eliminated the need of the file transfer and presentation of the physical copies of the digital evidence. Elyas et al., (2014, p-101) cited, that the standard procedure for backup, security measures and surveillance cameras are followed in the CoC th at has impress the reliability of the digital evidences. Apart from that, the Chain of Custody allows the investigator to track his steps whenever any wrong or improper evidence is found during the authentication procedure. During the case of doubt of the reliability of the evidences, the process of CoC allows to find the person responsible for the flaws with the backtracking process. Importance to the Investigation: The applicator of the Chain of Custody is the first crucial process for authenticating the video and audio evidences presented in courtroom. Identification of the Chain of Custody allows in determining whether the digital evidence has been coned or copied. With the advancement of technology, the digital media has become more easily accessible for modification, alteration and editing. Most of the time, the physical evidences are directly not available during the time of seizure or acquisition. Prayudi, Ashari, and Priyambodo, (2014, p-61) cited, that in many cases, the digital media are obtained from the police or clients that are accompanied by series of other legal documents. The paper trial is the significant part of the timeline as it authenticated the source and destination of the file transfer. With the application of the CoC, the prosecutor can raise questions about the authenticity of the digital evidence in case of missing timeline in the inve stigation. Creating a Chain of Evidence with all the digital evidences in the investigation eliminated all the suspicious against the reliability and authenticity of evidences provided in the courtroom (Shridhar, Chandrakant, Baburao, 2014, p-52). Furthermore, the Chain of Custody provides access to the administrative of retrieval, modification and date of access to the evidence. The procedure of the chain of the custody the application of the forensic process is applied on the copy of the digital evidence while the original copy is kept intact. Therefore, the CoC also allows comparison of the examined file with the original one (Stirland et al., 2014, p-99). Therefore, maintaining a Chain of Custody is one of the crucial processes for proving proof for the authenticity of the evidence provided. Various Ways CoC Can be Compromised: The Chain of Custody provides the detailed record of items or digital evidence possessed by each individual in a particular instance of timeline for investigation. The Chain of custody of the digital data has the risks of alteration and comprised (Taylor, Fritsch, Liederbach, 2014, p-252). The Chain of Custody for digital evidence begins from the collection phase, to evaluation phase till the presentation to the court for justice. The data stored in the database has the potential for getting altered, misplaced and compromised. The Chain of Custody can be compromised n various ways including the failure to indentify the digital data as evidence from the crime cite. Moreover, the failure to collect raw data from the investigation site before it has been manipulated with. The digital data need to be stored in safe and secure places for maintaining and securing the log of the people accessing the files. The storage capacity and technological devices has evolved exponentially with time ( Bulbul, Yavuzcan, Ozel, 2013, p-247). Moreover, the inefficiency in understanding the how the digital data can be authenticated fails to provide justification to the Chain of Custody. The information stored and gathered during the Chain of Custody is essential for the verification and authentication of the digital information while presenting them to the courtroom. Since, the digital evidences are easy to manipulated, significant measures needs to be taken for preventing the data from being compromised. Arora, Bhatt, and Pant, (2012, p-52) cited that for preventing data manipulation, it is essential to identify the cause of the data manipulation in protecting the Chain of Custody. Many times, the investigators examine the digital information on the file collected from the crime scenes. The changes made in the original files permanently change the digital evidences and cannot be recovered back (Goel, Tyagi, Agarwal, 2012, p-340). Collecting the digital files on an unsecure device has severe risk of manipulation from external entity. The digital data gets word out with time. The optical disks that are used for storing data are subjected to fungi and the electromagnetic disks get worn out with time. The lack of maintenance of the IT infrastructure and system result in the loss of the digital data and evidences (Saxena, Shrivastava, Sharma, 2012, p-68). Most of the cases, the digital data and the digital evidences are subjected to manipulation from the internal procedure of the organization. The lack of ethical considerations and procedure followed in the CoC results in the flaws in the digital evidences. Therefore, the officials in charge of the CoC authority often lead to the errors in the Chain of Custody (Hasan, Mahmood, Raghav, 2012, p-402). The lack of following the procedure for marinating the log list every time any officials changes of access the digital evidences creates wrong timeline in analyzing the evidences in the Chain of Custody. Moreover, the digital evidences are stored in the CDs hard drives, pen drives and database. The failure in the storage devices has can cause to the loss of the crucial data and information collected from the investigation site. Moreover, with the advancement of the technology, the hackers have also found various innovative ways to hack in to the account and manipulate the data (Marangos, Rizomiliotis, Mitrou, 2012, p-777). The hackers found various ways of breaking the security measures and entering the database where the digital data are stored. The insecure computers, laptops used for the storage and analysis of the digital information can be easily manipulated. The hackers hack in to the information system, and changes the log details and audit in the Chain of Custody (Ariffin, Choo, Slay, 2013, p-41). Moreover, the lack of security in the IT infrastructure in organization usually leads to the loss and manipulation of the digital data collected from the crime sites. Various Ways CoC can be Protected: In case of Chain of Custody, the digital evidences are gathered, analysis and investigation, the evidences are stored in electronics devices. For maintain and preserving the Chain of Custody, the investigator needs to protect the digital evidence from the time of collection to the time of presentation in the courtroom for judgment (Homem, Dosis, Popov, 2013, p-160). For ensuring the Chain of Custody, and to provide evidence that the digital evidences are kept intact, and unaltered, the investigator needs to guarantee that the evidences presented n the courtroom are same as the evidence recovered from the site of crime. Furthermore, the investigator needs to provide the exact date and time of the transfer of the digital evidences needs to be submitted (McMillan, Glisson, Bromby, 2013, p-4901). In addition to that, the investigators will ensure that the digital evidences have not been tampered with while in the custody. Maintaining the Chain of Custody for the digital evidences is more crucial than the physical evidences. Rajamaki, and Knuuttila, (2013, p-199) stated that the hackers are present everywhere for altering the digital evidence. The investigators and analyst needs to protect the evidence from login spoofing in the real time. Tampering with the initial phase of the evidence during investigation is only the beginning of the tampering. Therefore, digital evidences need to be protected from the time of collection from the crime site. Therefore, all the digital evidences needs to be collected using safe and secure devices and required to be stored in the hack proof devices and network (Yadav, Mishra, Prakash, 2013, p-168). Since all the networks are ultimately connected to the Internet, securing the Chain of Custody has become more difficult with days. Therefore, the investigator needs to follow and maintain various processes for securing the collected evidences and data. The data collection procedure in forensic evidence is gathered through manual procedure and some through the electronic devices (Ajijola, Zavarsky, Ruhl, 2014, p-71). The investigators need to audit files and used centralized logging techniques for storing the digital files. In case f both the manual and digital data collection, centralized login will provide static data that are kept out of reach of the hackers. In many cases, the hackers used compromised login times and plants information misleading the investigation procedure. The manipulation of the log list will result in the violation and hampering of the chain of custody in maintaining the digital evidence. Therefore, the investigator needs to create a digital chain of custody for maintain the log list (Reichert, Richards, Yoshigoe, 2014, p-726). This can be achieved with securing at least one computer used for storing the evidences. Furthermore, the investigator needs to use safe and secure laptop and devices for extracting the digital evidences from the crime site. Therefore, for collecting the evidences in the unsecured environment, secure electronic devices needs to be used. It is difficult to re-establish security if the digital data are being modified or tampered with within the organization. For preventing these issues, the investigator needs to secure and address the vulnerabilities present with the forensic organization. Therefore, the organization needs to analyze the security vulnerabilities before investigating the digital evidences. Therefore, the most essential procedure of securing the digital data is to secure the IT infrastructure where the digital data are being stored and analyzed (Valjarevic, Venter, Ingles, 2014, p-7). For protecting the Chain of Custody the digital evidences needs to be protected from the hackers, manipulation and alteration. Apart from that, a log is maintained every time the evidence is transferred or taken out from the organization. Therefore, the digital logs keep a record of the persons and time whenever the digital evidences are transferred and are given access to any persons. Furthermore, the digital evidence is deposited by handing over the devices to the owner. Impact of the Integrity of Evidence on Investigation Process: Integrity of the digital evidence refers to the consistency and accuracy of the digital evidence collected for analysis form the crime scene. The data integrity in the forensic investigation procedure plays a significant role in the processing and analysis if the digital evidence. With the application of the Chain of Custody, the digital forensic investigators required to know the person, time and process of handling the digital information during an investigation process. If the Chain of Custody is compromised or altered the timeline of the evidence processing goes missing that affects the result of the investigation. The digital data are usually stored in hard drives, in the secure computers. The investigators must ensure that the digital evidences remains bit to bit as it was during the collection of the data evidences at the crime site (Bulbul, Yavuzcan, Ozel, 2013, p-251). Therefore, the forensic data analyst ensures that digital evidences when presented at the court remains sa me after bypassing all the examination and procedures, after handing by all the staffs during the evidence processing. The disadvantage of evaluating and working with the digital evidences is that they can be easily accessed and modified without noticing. The integrity of the digital evidence needs to be maintained for protecting the data confidentiality and security of the data (Reichert, Richards, Yoshigoe, 2014, p-728). The methods and procedure for maintaining the integrity of the digital information is costly and requires much modification in the system for CoC. The investigation process deals with the both the systematic tools and techniques and systematic collection of the digital data. The significant objective of the forensic investigation process is to create a focal point among the investigation area such that the investigators could identify the relevant information that are directly or indirectly connected the crime with the evidences acquired. All the forensic evidences rely upon the proper investigation and analysis of the collected digital data (McMillan, Glisson, Bromby, 2013, p-4902). All the collected information required to be checked for cyclic redundancy error and hash code validation so that it cannot be changed or altered by an eternal entity during transmission. Another approach for better transportation of the digital evidences form one place to another in the process of CoC needs to be encrypted with the cryptographic processes (Ariffin, Choo, Slay, 2013, p-45). The digital evidences stored in the database, digital signature needs to be employed for maintaining the integrity of the information in the system. The digital data and evidences have the potential for changing the result of the investigation. The judgment of any case mostly depends on the validity of the evidences presented to support any theory in the courtroom. The presence of digital evidences like video recording, or CCTV footage of the occurrence of the crime has the potential for changing the verdict of the judgment. If the digital evidence is tampered with during the storage, analyzing or presentation of the digital evidence on court, it can change the judgment of the investigation (McMillan, Glisson, Bromby, 2013, p-4907). Therefore, the integrity of the digital evidence means preserving the authenticity and proof of the document and evidence provided in the courtroom. The integrity of the data means, during the investigation, the data is been preserves as it during the collection of the information from the investigation site. Therefore, the integrity of the digital information provides authentication and reliability of the evidences provided in the courtroom and ensures that the evidences presented are in true form and authentic as gathered. Problems and Limitations of CoC: There are several types of issues are related to the digital investigation process which can create a catastrophic impact over COC (Chain of Custody). The different types of circumstances which can affect the entire operation during the process of COC are also described in the context of this analysis. The digital forensic process of COC based investigation is diming with the vulnerability from the both side of investigation process where one side is infected by the victims another threat is come from the investigators side. Maybe this instinct is not the only thing which can harm a COC process. The contradiction between the investigator and the victim is happened in many ways some of them are like as follows - The trust factor among the evidence supplier and the investigator, if the evidence supplier or the victim's loss their faith over the investigator then they might eliminate all evidence which may relate some confidential about himself or herself (Abalenkovs et al., 2012). The victims may accidently erase all the information about the confidential data. This situation is also caused by the investigator by using of improper guidelines during the evidence storage process. Apart from this issue of fault measurement, the information leakage issue is a bigger strike of evidence hampering the process (Reichert, Richards, Yoshigoe, 2014, p-729). The leakage of information can be drawn from an internal factor of whistle blowing or an external entity. The problems do not only lie between the information leakage it will more hamper the entire process if they are broadcast over digital media. The technical factors are more severe than the threat which comes from the operational approach of COC base evidence collection. Technical obstacles are broadly classified into two categories which can be noted as user-defined complexity and other one is system defined complexity. The user-defined complexity can give more hurdles towards the investigator because of its non-structured format of information protection (Ariffin, Choo, Slay, 2013, p-44). The Suspect or victims may be loaded with the highly classified security measurement where the security provider does not exist in real world or identity of security provider is highly classified. In that case the chances of getting information from the digital source are become very low. Whereas the systematic complexity is less tough than the user-defined complexity but the chance of information extraction is also low and it varied from the different deviation of technology integration over the computing devices (Hasan, Mahmood, Ragh av, 2012, p-401). The process of systematic complexity is also divided into third party security module and default system module. In the history of forensic analysis it is been observed that the default security mechanism is easy to analyses because it have low level consent of privacy mechanism. But when it comes to third party security module integration then it is difficult to analyze (Abalenkovs et al., 2012, p-2271). Third party applications are used to provide the better security solution. So it is inconceivable to break the security measurement for a better forensic analysis. The other issue which can restrain the limit of COC based digital forensic application is belongs to the ethical responsibility. The ethical responsibility issue can also create problems due the different types of privacy act, legal settlement and data collection procedure (McMillan, Glisson, Bromby, 2013, p-4908). The ethical responsibility is standing to moralized the human concerns of privacy which also reduce the performance of digital investigation and its standard. Conclusion The development of technology has tremendous effect on our society. Its drive our human race into the new phase of evolution. But the problem comes when the complexity arises. The digital forensic investigation by using of COC creates a new horizon towards the investigation of different type crime scene. The process of COC based investigation is spread out over the different layer of data storage unit, computing unit, mobile device etc. and there are several law and regulations are passed to establish the investigation framework. The collection of the digital evidences and presenting them in after verification of the authenticity and reliability of the evidences has the significant potential to change the verdict of the judgment. With the advancement of technology, the world is supporting more digital evidences in a legal investigation. For providing the digital evidences for investigation and supporting the fact, the digital evidences required to be authenticated on the reliability. One of the best practices followed for the collection, storage and analysis of the digital evidence is Chain of Custody. In change of custody, a series are standardized procedure is followed for the authentication and maintenance of the integrity of the data. The use of the Chain of Custody provides in providing evidential support and proves to the digital data provided as evidences for an investigation. The use of the computer forensic allows gathering, safeguarding and maintenance of the digital information gathered from the investigation sites. Although, the Chain of Custody follows an series of log in and metadata about who, when and where accessed the data, it can be easily be tampered and altered, therefore altering the CoC and timeline of investigation. Most of the cases, the alteration of the CoC has been found as the result of the lack of security in the devices and IT infrastructure of the organization that deals with the storage and analysis of the digital information. Therefore for maintaining the authenticity reliability and integrity of the data and digital information in forensic investigation, the forensic investigators and analyst required to introduces security measures like digital signature, cryptography and secure IT architecture so that the digital evidences cannot be easily modified and tampered. References Abalenkovs, D., Bondarenko, P., Pathapati, V. K., Nordb, A., Piatkivskyi, D., Rekdal, J. E., Ruthven, P. B. (2012).Mobile forensics: Comparison of extraction and analyzing methods of ios and android(pp. 1422-2377), (Doctoral dissertation, Master Thesis, GjAyvik University College). Ajijola, A., Zavarsky, P., Ruhl, R. (2014, December). A review and comparative evaluation of forensics guidelines of NIST SP 800-101 Rev. 1: 2014 and ISO/IEC 27037: 2012. InInternet Security (WorldCIS), 2014 World Congress on(pp. 66-73). IEEE. Ariffin, A., Choo, K. K. R., Slay, J. (2013, January). Digital camcorder forensics. InProceedings of the Eleventh Australasian Information Security Conference-Volume 138(pp. 39-47). Australian Computer Society, Inc.. Ariffin, A., DOorazio, C., Choo, K. K. R., Slay, J. (2013, September). iOS Forensics: How can we recover deleted image files with timestamp in a forensically sound manner?. InAvailability, Reliability and Security (ARES), 2013 Eighth International Conference on(pp. 375-382). IEEE. Arora, A. S., Bhatt, S. C., Pant, A. (2012). Forensics computing-technology to combat cybercrime.International journal of advanced research in Computer Science and software Engineering,2(7), 42-64. Bulbul, H. I., Yavuzcan, H. G., Ozel, M. (2013). Digital forensics: an analytical crime scene procedure model (ACSPM).Forensic science international,233(1), 244-256. Damshenas, M., Dehghantanha, A., Mahmoud, R., bin Shamsuddin, S. (2012, June). Forensics investigation challenges in cloud computing environments. InCyber Security, Cyber Warfare and Digital Forensic (CyberSec), 2012 International Conference on(pp. 190-194). IEEE. De Marco, L., Ferrucci, F., Kechadi, T. (2014). Reference Architecture for a Cloud Forensic Readiness System, 256-646. Dezfoli, F. N., Dehghantanha, A., Mahmoud, R., Sani, N. F. B. M., Daryabar, F. (2013). Digital forensic trends and future.International Journal of Cyber-Security and Digital Forensics (IJCSDF),2(2), 48-76. Elyas, M., Maynard, S. B., Ahmad, A., Lonie, A. (2014). Towards a systemic framework for digital forensic readiness.Journal of Computer Information Systems,54(3), 97-105. Goel, A., Tyagi, A., Agarwal, A. (2012). Smartphone forensic investigation process model.International Journal of Computer Science Security (IJCSS),6(5), 322-341. Hasan, R., Mahmood, S., Raghav, A. (2012, September). Overview on Computer Forensics tools. InControl (CONTROL), 2012 UKACC International Conference on(pp. 400-403). IEEE. Hitchcock, B., Le-Khac, N. A., Scanlon, M. (2016). Tiered forensic methodology model for Digital Field Triage by non-digital evidence specialists.Digital Investigation,16, S75-S85. Homem, I., Dosis, S., Popov, O. (2013, December). LEIA: The Live Evidence Information Aggregator: Towards efficient cyber-law enforcement. InInternet Security (WorldCIS), 2013 World Congress on(pp. 156-161). IEEE. Ibrahim, N. M., Al-Nemrat, A., Jahankhani, H., Bashroush, R. (2012). Sufficiency of windows event log as evidence in digital forensics. InGlobal Security, Safety and Sustainability e-Democracy(pp. 253-262). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Lalla, H., Flowerday, S., Sanyamahwe, T., Tarwireyi, P. (2012, January). A log file digital forensic model. InIFIP International Conference on Digital Forensics(pp. 247-259). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Marangos, N., Rizomiliotis, P., Mitrou, L. (2012, December). Digital forensics in the cloud computing era. In2012 IEEE Globecom Workshops (pp. 775-780). IEEE. McMillan, J. E. R., Glisson, W. B., Bromby, M. (2013, January). Investigating the increase in mobile phone evidence in criminal activities. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 4900-4909). IEEE. Mishra, A. K., Matta, P., Pilli, E. S., Joshi, R. C. (2012, December). Cloud forensics: State-of-the-art and research challenges. InCloud and Services Computing (ISCOS), 2012 International Symposium on(pp. 164-170). IEEE. Nasreldin, M. M., El-Hennawy, M., Aslan, H. K., El-Hennawy, A. (2015). Digital Forensics Evidence Acquisition and Chain of Custody in Cloud Computing.International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI),12(1), 153. Nelson, B., Phillips, A., Steuart, C. (2014).Guide to computer forensics and investigations. Cengage Learning, 120-286. Pichan, A., Lazarescu, M., Soh, S. T. (2015). Cloud forensics: technical challenges, solutions and comparative analysis.Digital Investigation,13, 38-57. Prayudi, Y., Ashari, A., Priyambodo, T. K. (2014). Digital Evidence Cabinets: A Proposed Framework for Handling Digital Chain of Custody.International Journal of Computer Applications,107(9), 56-72. Rajamaki, J., Knuuttila, J. (2013, August). Law Enforcement Authorities' Legal Digital Evidence Gathering: Legal, Integrity and Chain-of-Custody Requirement. InIntelligence and Security Informatics Conference (EISIC), 2013 European(pp. 198-203). IEEE. Rani, D.R., Sultana, S.N. Sravani, P.L. (2016). Challenges of Digital Forensics in Cloud Computing Environment.Indian Journal of Science and Technology,9(17), 90-100. Reichert, Z., Richards, K., Yoshigoe, K. (2014, October). Automated forensic data acquisition in the cloud. In2014 IEEE 11th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems(pp. 725-730). IEEE. Saxena, A., Shrivastava, G., Sharma, K. (2012). Forensic investigation in cloud computing environment.The International Journal of forensic computer science,2, 64-74. Shridhar, G. A., Chandrakant, P. R., Baburao, J. (2014). 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The Art Of Fear Essay Example For Students

The Art Of Fear Essay Fear is a pestilence. It poisons the mind, and paralyzes the body. It can easily mutate taking on the forms of paranoia and even phobias. It can manifest into an epidemic, spreading like a wildfire throughout our society. When put into natural situations, fear can act as a safety mechanism, which advises us to keep clear from danger, but when fear is manipulated by the wrong mediums, it can cause more harm than good. What exactly is fear, and can one really put a single definition to it? The definition of fear is universal, varying from one culture to another. Simply put, fear is in the mind of the beholder, its an art in and of itself. In American culture, the media, which I often refer to as the Powerhouse of Mass Manipulation, likes to dictate what we should fear-I call this constructed fear. We will write a custom essay on The Art Of Fear specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now These suggestions may range from fear of being overweight to your neighbor might be a terrorist. Speaking of terrorists, George Bush (haha get it?) used the fear of further terrorist attacks and weapons of mass destruction to fuel his tirade in Iraq. The American people blindly supported him and his war due to fear for their own safety. Only now, does the majority of Americans see through his smoke and mirrors when he comes out of Iraq empty handed. Perhaps Bush should have done his homework, he would have stumbled across the infamous Adolph who used the same trick, only he was successful. Unbelievably, there is such a thing good fear, such as the fear of God. Those who fear God obey his rules, and obeying his rules means living a morally clean life. In other words, no harm comes from this fear. Another example is the fear of the authorities, those who fear the police dont commit crimes, thus keeping out of jail. There is also a level of respect that comes with fearing God and the Police; when people rebel against these forces it not only shows disrespect but the fact that they do not fear someone higher then themselves. Fear can also be contagious. Take for example this passage from Grendel Grendel begins to shriek in pain and fear; the sound terrifies all who hear it. Grendel is the one who initially feels the fear, but his reaction caused those around him to be terrified, thus inflicting indirect fear. In England, 1485 a plague called the Sweat swept the land claiming thousands of lives, some that could have been spared. This unique sickness killed quickly, it had the characteristics of a severe fever. It was said that to avoid becoming sick, one should remain calm and keep from over perspiring. Now, this sounds simple, but many who have heard of this sickness began to panic, only thinking they were sick when they were fine. Ultimately, they stressed themselves out with the fear of dying and ended up dead. Theres nothing worse than death by irony. Fear is an illness that has sickened humanity from the beginning of time. Until society can learn to be more tolerant of things that were unfamiliar with, such as other cultures, constructed fear may remain with us for some time. Initially, fear was meant to be a tool used to maintain order, and keep us safe. Used correctly, we can live orderly, however, abused and it can be more destructive than any weapon of mass destruction.

quot;Tar Babyquot;-CH10 By Toni Morrison Example

quot;Tar Babyquot; Tar Baby Chapter 10 of "Tar Baby" by Toni Morrison The setting of chapter ten is at the Street’s house where Jadine has a conversation with Margaret and Ondine. Ondine and Sydney are disappointed that Jadine has to leave. Remarkably, they expect her to show some gratitude for the help they offered her when she was young. Jadine is still unsure on what to do, whether to fly to France or stay. Previously, as the chapter starts, Jadine prepares to travel to L’Arbe de la Croix. While on the on the island of Dominique, she is unsure on whether she is supposed to leave Son owing to their cultural differences. Jadine is on a quest to seek her independence through starting a new career in Paris. On the other hand, Son is disappointed with Jadine’s plans. â€Å"Aloneness tasted good and even at a table set for four she was grateful to be far away from his original-dime ways, his white-folks-black-folks primitivism. How could she make a life with a cultural throwback, she asked h erself, and answered No way† (Morrison 275).The quote is significant because it evidences that Jadine is grateful to be far away from Son, whom she now sees as a ‘cultural throwback’. Jadine searches for a self-identity, especially because her life was entangled in the constructs of the White social order. She reaffirms that she wants a separate life from Son, who she feels holds back her plans for success. She feels better alone, than she felt with Son and his uncultured ways. Jadine is cultured, and her mindset is that of a cultured and liberalized White person, but Son still has ethnicity issues because his behavior is deeply entrenched in the Black culture that is characterized by an inferiority complex. Jadine does not see any future in their relationships considering Son’s mindset. Work CitedMorrison, Tony. Tar Baby. Chapter 10. New York: Random House.

Abolitionist Movement after the 1930s

Anti-slavery movement before the 1930s was humble, partly slow, not well supported. Anti-slavery movement before the 1930s was a spark that led to abolitionism in the 1930s. Due to the abolishment of the 1930s, big movements were born in America. White divisions of the country come and the whites who caused various riots when they released their slaves killed each other. Conquered Negros fought for the true status of American society in the hands of various abolitionist leaders who fully supported African Americans. On the other hand, the tension between the northern abolition movement and the slave owner continues to rise. After many years anti - slavery rhetoric was poured in the south (especially through the southern postal system) the abolishment movement eventually gained an important footing in the attack of slavery in 1835. A strong reaction was caused in Charleston, South Carolina. Anti-slavery pamphlets and pamphlets have created it, and the abolitionists are hurting the rep utation of the South and getting sympathy for the movement in the north. These behaviors by the abolitionists will only weaken the relations between the North and the North, eventually leading to tensions that have reached the culprits in the past 30 years. Roy Efenkenbin, a professor of history at the University of Detroit, in a national debate on the gradual escalation of slavery to the civil war, said that the fundamental abolition movement was largely endorsed primarily by the Northern people for the South explained. Slavery fights. . He said that when these previous slaves told their story in lectures and printmaking it was dissatisfied with the concept that the audience and readers would satisfy or treat slaves well. They said to be crowded in front of the audience and to stop them, and the unmodified story was equally effective at mobilizing the audience to slavery. Abolitionism (or abolishment movement) is an exercise to end slavery. This term can be used officially or info rmally. In Western Europe and the Americas, the abolishmentism is a historical move aimed at terminating the slave trade between Africa and India and releasing slaves. As an example of the abolition of slavery in France by Louis XIII of France in 1315, there was Spain's King Charles I called Charles V Emperor. He passed the law which would abolish colonial slavery in 1542, but the law did not go through the largest colonial state and was not enforced. In the late 17th century, the Roman Catholic Church accepted the request of Lourenà §oda Silvade Mendouà §a to formally condemn slave trade strongly approved by Pope Gregory XVI in 1839. However, the abolition campaign began in the late eighteenth century when British and American Quaker began to question the morality of slavery.

Cults and the impact on Family in an Social Psychology approach Research Paper

Cults and the impact on Family in an Social Psychology approach - Research Paper Example New religious movements may also have a basis in ethics, theology, philosophy, or religion to some extent. Usually, but not always, new religious movements are part and parcel of Christianity. Groups such as the Branch Davidian cult is one example. Cults need not be destructive in nature, however. Many people who study social psychology have adopted the term â€Å"new religious movement† as a way of describing cults in neutral language. New religious movements may be communitarian, or they may be specifically spiritual or religious in nature. Usually what separates cults from other religious movements in society is their unique ability to isolate people from other social networks. This is where social psychology plays a crucial role. Since the family is deeply intertwined with society, the psychology of such groups affects one’s psyche. New religious movements are part of the dominant culture. Usually, however, new religious movements are on the fringe of society. There is much controversy over what constitutes a â€Å"new† religious movement. Some people use certain dates as benchmarks for saying a religion is new—for example, a religious movement that has occurred within the last 20 years or so. People generally also have come to realize that what constitutes the stipulation of being distinct from other religions as difficult to empirically analyze. Generally, however, the distinction between new religious movements and established religions is that although the religious movement may be seen as part of an existing faith tradition, it meets with some type of clash within the religion for its varying belief systems—and thus is not an accepted branch of that religion. This research question is important because the family structure as it relates to social psychology, is very fragile in this day and age. The way children are raised today relates much to the way the community is structured, who is involved

Facts, Law. and Merits of the Two Law Suits (Mcdonalds and Pearson) Research Paper

Facts, Law. and Merits of the Two Law Suits (Mcdonalds and Pearson) - Research Paper Example Overall, however, a frivolous lawsuit, in the eyes of the legal system, delineates something more specific. Although, some lawsuits may appear silly, this does not necessarily translate to the notion that the lawsuits lack legal merit. The paper explores the merit of two cases: Liebeck v. McDonald’s Restaurants; Roy L. Pearson, Jr. (plaintiff) v. Soo Chung, et al. Facts, Law, and Merits of the Two Law Suits Introduction In the case, Ms. Liebeck (the plaintiff) filed a complaint against McDonald’s (the defendant) alleging negligence. Stella Liebeck was sitting in the passenger seat of her nephew’s car, which was pulled over so that she could have a chance to add sugar to her coffee. First, the spilled coffee gave her third degree burns in more than six percent of her body (Cain, 2007). Secondly, she claimed that the coffee was served at an uncomfortable temperature (180-190 degree Fahrenheit) that can give individual third - degree burns (in 2-7 seconds). The seco nd case, Roy L. Pearson, Jr. v. Soo Chung, et al., has its grounding in a dispute between the plaintiff, Roy Pearson and the defendants, Soo Chung, Jin Nam Chung and Ki Chung, over a pair of supposedly missing pants. The plaintiff alleged that he took his pants to Custom Cleaners for alterations in May 2005; however, the defendants lost his pants and they attempted to replace it with another pair of pants for his (Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011). Mr. Pearson also alleged that a â€Å"Satisfaction Guaranteed† sign displayed in Custom Cleaners was in effect an unconditional warranty that demonstrated the defendant’s willingness to honor any claim advanced by any customer. #1 What are the Facts? Liebeck v. McDonald’s Restaurants On February 27, 1992, Stella Liebeck in the company of her son Jim and her grandson Chris Tiano drove to Albuquerque airport to drop off Jim who needed to catch an early flight. After leaving the airport, the pair grabbed some breakfast at MacDonald’s. Stella Liebeck was not driving the car when she lifted the lid of the cup. At the time, her grandson reportedly pulled over to stop so that Stella could put sugar and cream to the coffee that she had purchased. The plaintiff placed the coffee between her knees so as to keep it secured as she proceeded to remove the lid. Unfortunately, the hot coffee spilled in her lap and the liquid absorbed into her cotton sweat pants, which in turn held the scalding liquid against the body burning her badly (more than six percent of her skin) (Cain, 2007). The burns sustained required an eight day hospital stay and skin grafting. As a result, the plaintiff required close to two years of therapy and rehabilitation to treat the third degree burns. The 79 year-old Liebeck sustained burns in her buttocks, inner thighs, and genital areas inclusive of her left groin. McDonald’s declined a proposal for an out of court settlement for $20,000 in medical costs. The medical cost s amounted to $11,000, but McDonald’s offered the plaintiff only $800 (Miller & Cross, 2010). Amid the trial, McDonald’s quality control manager’s ascertained that their coffee should be served at 180-190 degrees Fahrenheit. Overall, liquids at that temperature can inflict third-degree burns in a period of 2-7seconds. Statistics indicated that for a period of one decade (from 1982 to 1992),

Physiological life-long process Essay Example for Free

Physiological life-long process Essay Aging primarily is a physiological life-long process, starting at conception and ending with death (Kart, 1994). Persons grow old whether they like it or not. These changes, both positive and negative, place demands on the aging person’s abilities to cope with and adapt to new life situations. It is a challenge for any given society to assist their aged in coping with the new life situations they are facing. Unfortunately, the rapid social changes taking place in society do not always lend themselves toward helping the elderly meet the demands of their life situations. For one, the attitude toward this population is not helping them cope with it as well. According to historian Fischer, 1977 in Doress-Worters Seigel, 1994), the old is regarded as useless, unattractive, and unwanted especially in the west. Acknowledging these realities of aging, the current research has been undertaken to study the experience of subjective well-being of senior citizens of Gladys Spellan. This shall be from the point of view of their administrators, particularly on their views on well being and the factors that influence it. Objectives / Outcomes This study therefore, will strive to achieve the following objectives: 1) Understand the experiences of the senior citizens of Gladys Spellman in the home for the aged from the perspective of their administrators: a) Their understanding or idea of well-being b) And the components of well being and factors that influence it. I personally chose this topic because I believe that as more and more elderly are placed under institutionalized care in contemporary society, a study such as this is needed to explore this phenomenon. It would shed light into the subjective lives experiences of the aged from an administrators’ view point. This would also contribute to the literature in this area and serve as groundwork for further studies in this area. This study will explore the subjective well-being (SWB) of the elderly in Gladys Spellmen who opted to live in an institutionalized set up or in a home for the aged by choice. The following framework will be used as a guide in the study: Method The first step in the research was the gathering of secondary data that are pertinent to the current topic, collating literature on the concept of well-being, indicators of the cognitive and affective components, and the factors which contribute towards it. A case study will be used in the current study, focusing on Gladys Spellmen Specialty Center. A semi- structured interview guide has been used in gathering primary data from the administrators of the institution. Interviewing. All the interview sessions with administrators will be one-on-one or individual interviews, for which the researcher has jotted down notes. A session with the participants lasted about 45 to 90 minutes,sometimes with a break in between or without it. The personal information sheet will be completed before or after the interview session with them. The researcher will take down notes while interviewing which shall be thematically analyzed. References Kart, C. S. (1994). The realities of aging: An introduction to gerontology (4th ed. ). Boston: Allyn Bacon. Doress-Worters P. B. , Seigel, D. L. (1994). The new ourselves growing older. Women aging with a knowledge and power. New York: Simon Schuster.

Perspective Journal- The Punisher :: essays research papers

Perspective Journal- The Punisher This story is based on a movie called The Punisher which was about an FBI undercover agent, Frank Castle. Frank has all his family murdered while away on a vacation and through out the movie seeks revenge. This operation was ordered by the main villain in the movie, Howard Saint. Howard Saint has every reason to be justified for calling the operation to murder Frank Castle’s family. Howard wouldn’t have been involved in the killing of Frank Castle’s family if Frank had just stayed within his limits and not go around flashing his FBI badge at every person in the society. Howard Saint was a good person who was just involved in making his life through dirty ways. Like everyone else, Howard wanted to be rich. He didn’t care how he made his money and went to all different extremes to make sure he was rich. Howard Saint’s life was always under scrutiny even when he wasn’t doing anything illegal. Someone’s life being under scrutiny for something he is not even doing is very anger provoking and because of that Howard felt that he might as well do the evil things he was being scrutinized for. Howard Saint illegal businesses never had to do with any crime against the society. He had an addiction and had to feed it. He was addicted to cocaine and he couldn’t do anything about it. If the FBI had just allowed him to do his own cocaine, no damage would have occurred and every family would have lived. Howard Saint turned â€Å"wasteful† towards the end of the movie. He began wasting people’s lives and killing anyone randomly. He went to these extremes because he had lost everything he had because of the revenge plot by Frank Castle. Howard lost his house, all his money was blown up and most importantly his family was burnt right in his face. These actions were a result of a quick conclusion by Frank Castle that Howard was the main person involved in the cocaine ring. Any human being who is picked up and used as an example for any crime has the authority to go to any measures to revenge. Perspective Journal- The Punisher :: essays research papers Perspective Journal- The Punisher This story is based on a movie called The Punisher which was about an FBI undercover agent, Frank Castle. Frank has all his family murdered while away on a vacation and through out the movie seeks revenge. This operation was ordered by the main villain in the movie, Howard Saint. Howard Saint has every reason to be justified for calling the operation to murder Frank Castle’s family. Howard wouldn’t have been involved in the killing of Frank Castle’s family if Frank had just stayed within his limits and not go around flashing his FBI badge at every person in the society. Howard Saint was a good person who was just involved in making his life through dirty ways. Like everyone else, Howard wanted to be rich. He didn’t care how he made his money and went to all different extremes to make sure he was rich. Howard Saint’s life was always under scrutiny even when he wasn’t doing anything illegal. Someone’s life being under scrutiny for something he is not even doing is very anger provoking and because of that Howard felt that he might as well do the evil things he was being scrutinized for. Howard Saint illegal businesses never had to do with any crime against the society. He had an addiction and had to feed it. He was addicted to cocaine and he couldn’t do anything about it. If the FBI had just allowed him to do his own cocaine, no damage would have occurred and every family would have lived. Howard Saint turned â€Å"wasteful† towards the end of the movie. He began wasting people’s lives and killing anyone randomly. He went to these extremes because he had lost everything he had because of the revenge plot by Frank Castle. Howard lost his house, all his money was blown up and most importantly his family was burnt right in his face. These actions were a result of a quick conclusion by Frank Castle that Howard was the main person involved in the cocaine ring. Any human being who is picked up and used as an example for any crime has the authority to go to any measures to revenge.

located in Rosemount

The farm is located in Rosemount. Linstead, St Catherine. The distance from the farmer’s house to his farm is 200ft and about half mile from the town of Linstead. The size of the farm The size of the Rosemount farm is eight hectares which includes 6 sections of plots used to plant various crops. This is the usual size of small farms in the Caribbean because small farms size usually range from zero to ten hectares. Markets Britain and other European countries have traditionally been the main export markets for Caribbean agriculture. Due to increased competition, the Caricom market has become more important for regional agriculture.In Jamaica, small scale farmers mainly market their crops in the following ways: Directly to supermarkets such as: Shoppers Fair, and Hi-Lo. Higglers that come mainly from around the St Catherine area, includes Spanish town and Linstead. Directly to hotels some of which include: Altamont Court Hotel, Terra Nova All Suit Hotel, The Liguanea Club and Th e Spanish Court Hotel. Selling at monthly farmers market which is coordinated by Rural Agriculture Development Authority (R. A. D. A). To manufacturing companies like Grace Kennedy Ltd Directly to consumersThe produce from Rosemount farm is marketed in the following ways: Directly to higglers and export to the Caricom of Antigua and Barbuda The Caricom market has proven to very profitable for the Rosemount farmer and therefore allows him to adequately take care of his family, workers and will enable him to use some of the profits for future expansion of his farm. Labour Rosemount farm employs four female workers to assist with farming activities. No family member is employed to the farm. Additional labour is required on the farm to assist with the following farming activities.

KINGDOM PLANTAE

Non-Flowering Mosses (Bryophyte) Ferns (Pterodactyl) Gymnosperms 2. Flowering Angiosperms Monocotyledon Dicotyledonous Vascular tissues and the seeds play a vital role in transporting substances (water, minerals, and sugars) throughout the plant. Seeds are structures, which contains an embryo that helps In storing food. Phylum Bryophyte (Mosses) Referred to as Bryophytes Simplest plants; simple stems and leaves No true roots; very small in structureNon- vascular land plant; do not contain any conducting tissues Have rhizomes for anchorage Spores from capsules (wind-dispersal) Mainly growing on damp terrestrial land, on other plants, and on rocks Reproduction process is carried in their spores. (seedless) Play a vital role in soil erosion Ex: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornwort Phylum Patriarchate (Ferns) Parts 1. Frond CLC a leaf (finely divided into small parts) 2. Pains/Pinnate C small parts of the frond 3. Sort C] spores Has true roots; feathery leaves & underground stemsHave vascula r tissues Spore- reproducing organs (seedless) Involved in transportation of fluids Ex: Horsetails, ferns, and club mosses Phylum Angiosperms Flowering plants; vascular Develops seeds within a protective structure called an ovary, which is embedded in the flower Reproduction process is carried by Angiosperm Angiosperms in the class Dicotyledonous grows into two-seed leaves (cotyledons). Two kinds of Angiosperms: 1. Monocotyledon 1 seed leaf Netted/reticulate veins Multiplies by 3 petals 2.Dicotyledonous 2 seed leaves Leaves have veins in network Multiplies by 4-5 petals An angiosperm's leaf consists of a single, branched, main vein. Shrubs, vines, and flowers Phylum Gymnosperms Non-flowering plants Ex: trees, Contains undeveloped seeds which are present in an enclosed structure Tall evergreen trees Have roots, woody stems Needle-shaped leaves Cones with reproductive structures Naked seeds in female cones Called â€Å"naked seeds† because seeds are exposed outside Ex: Palms, c arpet lawns, etc.

Negotiation Report Essays

Negotiation Report Essays Negotiation Report Paper Negotiation Report Paper Introduction Korea has been in a state of chaos for some time. They have survived many times of turmoil, such as the Korean War in 1950 that lasted until 1953. The ending of this war did not settle the civil dispute. There are many contradicting areas in Korea that effect business, for example, communist vs. anti communist, religious and non religious, idealist and collectivist, and those that are willing to work each other. Also Korea has a fear of doing business with Japan. Japans market is considerable larger than their and they worry that if business is done with Japan they would be overshadowed. This lack of interest to do business with Japan is also due to historical influences in Korea’s past Negotiation is a crucial aspect of all interorganizational relationships. No matter if it is a strategic alliance, joint venture, merger, acquisition, or just a sale of a product and a service, negotiation is a part that one cannot due without. As the section of international to domestic trade increases, so does the occurrence of business negotiations among people from different countries and cultures. Negotiation is a process in which at least one individual tries to persuade another individual to change his or her ideas or behaviors. And our groups focus is an investigation into negotiating orientations and behaviors of South Korea in comparison to that of the US. Basic Concept of Negotiation Process Distributive versus Integrative In the twelve dimensions of cross-cultural negotiations, we first start off by looking at the general model, in which consists of two components. The first component which is the basic concept of the negotiation process includes two aspects, distributive and integrative. In the distributive perspective, negotiators â€Å"believe that there will be one winner and one loser,† and in order to do so, the negotiator needs to establish a kind of dominance in the negotiation process. Negotiators with these characteristics display a strong sense of individual concerns, and they have little interest or concern for others. Negotiators with an integrative perspective on the other hand believe that â€Å"mutually beneficial solutions can be generated. Integrative negotiators tend to take a problem solving approach in order to better exchange information, where they can focus on the different interests of both parties to find a common ground, and effective solution. South Koreans lie on the high end of the integrative perspective. They share their information about their own interests, but also seek to obtain information about the other party’s interests. During a negotiation, both party’s react to each other’s arguments until both negotiators reach an agreement. Most Significant Type of Issue Task-Based versus Relationship-Based Contacts and personal relationships are very important, since South Koreans tend be suspicious of people whom they do not know or those with whom they do not have mutual contact. Koreans want to do business with people whom they have formed a personal connection with or whereby a mutual mediator, friend or acquaintance has made an introduction. Drinking is often the introduction to any business negotiation done in South Korea. Some South Korean businesspeople often believe that they will get to know a business partner far better after having a few drinks. They also use drinking locations to resolve a sensitive problem or to close a difficult business deal. In order to establish a more personal relationship, South Koreans may ask extremely personal questions regarding their counterpart’s age, salary, education, religion, and family life. If individuals feel uncomfortable and don’t want to answer, the appropriate course of action would be to remain polite but try to gracefully sidestep the questions asked. In most cases, South Koreans make these inquires because they think that they can establish a relationship by finding common denominators. These questions may also be asked in order to determine their counterpart’s status, which means everything in the South Korean culture. For the age/status conscious Koreans, it is important to guess and know the approximate age or relative status of their counterparts. When a negotiation in South Korea finally takes place, personal relationships usually take priority over business. Often, the first meeting is used in getting to know their counterpart and to establish a bond. When served a cup of tea or a cup of coffee at the beginning of the meeting, these are usually accepted as an offering of hospitality even though the individual may have had several cups already. They aren’t required to drink it all, but drinking some would show a sign of respect. In South Korea, an individual should always keep a formal appearance as long as their counterpart does, and should refrain from appearing overly friendly. Giving gifts to acquire favors or to build relationships is also a common practice in a business setting in South Korea. Good gifts for a first trip may include office items with the representing company’s logo or something that is commemorative of their home region, but shouldn’t be items made in undeveloped countries, unless they are cultural icons or souvenirs. It is also very common to be invited out after business hours to a restaurant or bar where there will be a lot of alcohol served. If a person doesn’t enjoy drinking, they can gently ask their host where and to what kind of place they are going. They can choose not to join them by giving valid reasons. For South Koreans, informal outings are an important part of establishing and judging the character of the other person. Also, a person should be aware that comments and promises made on these occasions can be taken seriously afterwards. A respectful, lasting connection is the basis for a successful business relationship in South Korea. To solidify this rapport, it is important that a person remains sincere and honest in their business dealings. Keeping in touch after the meeting is also very important. Selection of Negotiators Abilities versus Status In South Korea, the status of the individual is more important than their abilities. For example, when entering a group meeting, the senior member of the party should enter the room first, then the next highest ranking person, and so on. Moreover, the South Koreans will be seated according to their rank and guests must seat appropriately with their counterparts. Another aspect of their status culture involves gifts. When gifts are given to several people within a South Korean organization, a gift of greater value must be given to the senior representative. The gifts given to that person’s subordinates may be similar, as long as they are of lesser value than the one given to their superior. An alternative measure may be giving a gift that the whole team can enjoy. Since people are judged according to their status in South Korea, their status should be emphasized on a business card. This gives the recipient an idea of that individual’s job responsibility and assists him or her in determining the amount of decision-making authority they have. Most importantly, knowing an individual’s status assists a person’s contact in matching with a person who is of a similar rank. When selecting a negotiation team, an effort should be made to find out who will be the participants in the South Korean delegation. Then, it must be ensured that the people chosen to represent a country match the rank of the South Korean members. A mismatch may prove to be embarrassing to both sides. Sending a senior representative can be perceived as a sign of serious interest and commitment. In South Korea, presidents, supervisors and managers tend to have more power over their subordinates than they might have in a similar Western organization. It is so embedded, that it very difficult for a Korean to criticize or go against what his or her senior thinks or wants. Consequently, subordinates have little choice, but to follow their seniors’ instructions. Furthermore, depending on the corporate culture, some may have more egalitarian relationships. Presidents, especially those in larger organizations, typically assign responsibility. When introduced to people occupying high positions in South Korea, they will sometimes know little about the particular project, and will refer an individual to the appropriate person. Presidents and supervisors will often trust dependable subordinates, so it is important not to offend or ignore the lower ranks. Individual’s Aspirations Individual versus Community South Korea is a collectivist culture, so the group, rather than the individual, succeeds. Loyalty to family and friends is very important. There is strong feeling of interdependency among the members of the group. South Koreans tend to think in â€Å"group terms† rather than â€Å"individual terms† for two reasons: Confucianism and patriotism. Therefore, it may be helpful to argue for group benefits in order to close a deal. South Korean negotiators tend to incorporate structures and the concept of family into their negotiating style. That is, in the traditional family, the father is the unquestioned authority with almost absolute power. The father bears the full responsibility for the welfare and future of the family. Similarly, South Korean negotiators employ a strong authoritarian style in order to obtain the greatest benefit for their community, while still seeking the advice of other group members. South Korea still observes the Confucian ethics based on a strong belonging to the group. You could say that they often think in group terms. In other words, what is in the best interest of the group or how can harmony within the group be maintained. Hence, the majority of South Koreans are intensely patriotic, calling South Korea by the term, â€Å"oo-ri-na-ra,† meaning our country. Therefore, with that in mind, the benefits to the group, whether it is to the company or country, should be persuasively put forth in order to close a business deal. Internal Decision-Making Process Independent versus Consensus In South Korea, decisions are made with the consensus of the group, with deference given to the oldest or senior member. The senior member takes the initiative in making the decision, but they consult extensively with the other group members. What is more impressive is that the decisions are based more on emotion and concern for the harmony of the group rather than just cold bottom-line calculations. Since a consensus is important, there are usually lengthy discussions before decisions are made. As result, South Korean business negotiations will usually take longer when compared to Western cultures, so patience will be necessary. Orientation Toward Time Monochronic versus Polychronic After taking a look at the role of the individual, we now need to look at interaction dispositions during a negotiation. The three components in this section, orientation toward time, risk-taking propensity, and basis of trust all contribute to the dispositions of interaction during a negotiation. In the orientation toward time component two aspects stand out for comparison, monochronic and polychronic. Since the orientation toward time dimension refers to the value each party places on time, in monochronic cultures people pay attention to and handle tasks one at a time. And in polychronic cultures people also do schedule appointments but they will â€Å"complete a task or conclude a meeting even if it is necessary to go beyond time originally set aside for that particular task. † South Korean negotiators come from more of a polychronic culture. They place greater emphasis on personal interaction than on keeping to a schedule. They probably feel that time is never wasted, because taking time to know their counterparts and building a relationship is an important task. Risk-Taking Propensity Risk Averse versus Risk Tolerant The second component in the dispositions of interaction is risk-taking propensity. This refers to negotiators’ willingness to take risks. In this component there are two dimensions as well, risk-averse and risk tolerant. Risk-averse negotiators will take steps to avoid the risk of failing to come to an agreement, and risk tolerant negotiators adopt a perspective that there is a level of acceptable risk that should be taken in a negotiation. Risk tolerant negotiators show greater willingness to run the risk of failing to come to an agreement by making fewer concessions or by demanding more. South Korean negotiators tend to be on the risk-averse side, because they may be more likely to make concessions in order to avoid the risk of failing to come to an agreement. They may also â€Å"accept lower rewards for a higher probability of success. † Basis of Trust External to the Parties versus Internal to the Relationship The last component in the dispositions of interaction is the basis of trust. Trust is â€Å"one party’s belief that the other party will take action to honor agreements that have been reached. † In this case there are two aspects of this trust, one external to the parties, and the other is internal to the relationship. In the external to the parties situation, negotiators trust the other party because a contract has been negotiated and agreed to, which can be litigated and enforced. And in the internal to the relationship situation, negotiators trust the other party because they have invested in a relationship that has been built up over time and they believe that the other party is committed to it. The South Korean negotiators lie on the high end of the internal to the relationship aspect, because like most other Asian countries, relationships between parties are what matters the most. Negotiators expect that the other party will consider unique and changing written circumstances over the life of the relationship, and they think that a trust worthy partner is one who strives to maintain the relationship possible by modifying an existing contact to reflect new developments. Concern with Protocol Informal vs. Formal The process of negotiating with another culture is one of the most important factors in a successful transaction. If there is not enough research, and a company decides to enter a venture blindfolded it could be disastrous. There are roughly five steps involved in the negotiating process, preparation, relationship building, exchanging task-related information, persuasion, and finally an agreement. These are not necessarily a set order and they are often intertwined with one another. Also involved in these segments are concerns with protocol, style of communication, nature of persuasion, and the type of agreement. Over the course of the next few pages the negotiation process will be discussed in-depth about dealing with South Korean affiliates. South Koreans are informal dealing with business situations and concentrate on relationship building. They prefer to develop a relationship with their business associates. They also expect to continue the relationship after negotiation is finished. This also means that it may take more time to actually begin business. Dinner, lunch, tea, alcoholic beverages and night life, such as Karaoke, are possible social events that could be used as means of getting to know your business affiliate or for further negotiation. Korean men often compete with drinking; it is not uncommon for a friend to be holding up another friend due to intoxication. It is also an insult if someone buys a drink and it is not accepted. This socializing creates trust in a new business partner and although informal, it allows for a smoother negotiation process. After a few socializing events, business meetings are still informal. When the meeting begins tea is served and then after small talk, negotiation commences. Then through out the meeting smoke breaks may occur regularly, since a majority of the people in South Korea smoke. According to Executive Planet. com, â€Å"Let’s make a deal-Part 1†, â€Å"During negotiations, some Koreans will jump from one topic to another, rather than following the agenda. Similar questions may be asked on numerous occasions by different negotiators†. This is how South Koreans gather their information. They are informal, and do not have a linear time frame. They like for a question to be answer immediately after it has entered their head. They are not concerned with getting off track or continuing a meeting to another date. South Koreans are also occasionally late for appointments. This is not uncommon in there culture. It is understood that traffic or a personal inconvenience has developed and they will be at the appointment shortly. Style of Communication Low-Context vs. High Context Communication is not simply relaying an idea. In South Korea people are higher context than Americans. High context means that, â€Å"feelings and thoughts are not explicitly expressed; instead, one has to read between the lines and interpret meaning from one’s general understanding† (Managing across boarder, p. 137). Communication has many different faces, such as verbal and nonverbal. In South Korea the nonverbal plays a much higher role in communication than does the verbal information on its own. Nonverbal consist of kenesic behavior, proxemics, paralanguage and object language. A list of nonverbal communication is listed below (Managing across borders, p. 136) ?Facial expressions ?Body posture ?Gestures with hands, arms, head, ect. ? Interpersonal distance ? Touching, body contact ? Eye contact ? Clothing, cosmetics, hairstyle, jewelry ?Paralanguage (voice pitch and inflections, rate of speech, and silence ? Color symbolism ?Attitude toward time and the use of time in business and social interactions ? Food symbolism and social use of meals Kenesic behavior is a person’s body language, which include the first half of the list above, except for interpersonal distance. A hand shake is an example of kenesic behavior. In South Korea it is a custom to shake with your right hand and support your forearm of your right hand with your left. However the handshake should be week, a strong handshake would seem aggressive. Other forms of kenesic behavior of South Koreans are, passing food with both hands to an elder out of respect, not crossing your legs in front of an authority figure, and keeping the soles of your shoes faced downward. This form of communication plays a large role in negotiating with this culture. Everyone needs to feel respected. Interpersonal distance is a form of proxemics. It is how much space we put between ourselves and another person, and how we space out our environments. South Koreans are a low contact culture; they would rather have more space between themselves and another. According to the Executive planet. com South Koreans do not have offices. It is an open atmosphere and instead of knocking on a door to announce your arrival, a cough, or clearing your thought is used to make the other person aware you need their attention. Paralanguage is interpreting how something is said, the speed, tone, and mood of the person saying. Take for instance someone telling you a simple no. Saying it quickly and laughing can be taken unserious. However pausing, and then saying it slowly could be interpreted as uncertainty. According to the Executive Planet . com, â€Å"Sucking in air through your teeth is one way to signal a definite answer of ‘no’† or â€Å"A lukewarm response such as ‘maybe’ accompanied by squinting of eyes or tipping the head back may also be used to express a ‘no’ answer†. (Executive Planet. com, Let’s make a deal-part 3). Lastly Object language is the type of clothing you were, colors and possibly how your business card is designed. Color can be very symbolic and mean many different things; white for example is generally interpreted as pure, and serene. Red on the other hand can mean, anger, or sensuality. Nature of Persuasion Factual-Inductive vs. Affective The type of persuasion used is an element in the negotiation process that needs to be understood thoroughly. This is also a mixture of communication, and protocol. It is important that a solid relationship has been established and trust in your associate has been created. With out this negotiation will be difficult. It is where the most planning needs to be made. South Korea is an affective society, meaning they make decisions emotionally, not deductively. This could mean emotional outburst, or frustrated non-verbal communication. They think collectively as apposed to individually. According to The guide to cross-cultural success, Doing Business Internationally, Inhwa, â€Å"is a key factor influencing South Korean business behavior, Inhwa stresses harmony by linking people of unequal rank, prestige and power through reciprocal and mutually beneficial system of loyalty. †(The guide to cross-cultural success, Doing Business Internationally, p. 269). So persuasion not only needs to push concern for the company, but push concern for Koreans as a family. Other forms of persuasion are gift giving. This is appropriate as long as economic consideration is not overlooked. If an expensive gift is given to someone of lesser economic status, that person would not be able to reciprocate the same value of that gift. This would cause that person to lose face. According to Executive Planet. com, â€Å"Saving face, is an important concept to understand. In South Korean business culture, a person’s reputation and social standing rests on this concept†. Executive Planet. com, Let’s make a deal –part 2). This is the same concept of pride in the United States. Form of Agreement Explicit Contract vs. Implicit Agreement South Koreans make implicit agreements. Even if a contract has been signed this does not mean that negotiation is over. This is often a sign that they are willing to further negotiate. According to a book called, Learning to think Korean, signing a contract, â€Å"usually takes the form of trying to get you to ease up on conditions to which only their reluctant consent was given before signing. It does no good to remind him that he has already agreed to that condition and signed his name to it†. (Learning to think Korean, p. 159) The process of coming to an agreement intertwines all of what we have talked about, communication, relationships, protocol, planning, and persuasion. Overall it takes lots of time and patience to come to a finalized agreement. Recommendations for an American Manager Negotiating effectively cross-culturally is one of the single most important global business skills. Global negotiations contain all of the complexity of domestic negotiations, with the added dimensions of cultural diversity. There are some drastic differences between American and Korean negotiation orientations and behaviors. And after seeing the twelve dimensions of cross cultural negotiations on South Korean, some recommendations should be made to an American negotiator who would have to consider before going into a negotiation. Although South Koreans are informal with protocol be sure not to insult them by being too informal or formal. When you are out socializing do not decline a drink, be it tea, coffee, or an alcoholic beverage. This would be taken as an insult. It is appropriate to continues drinking until the senior or highest ranked person has decided they are finished. If you do not drink alcoholic beverages, explain this, but still participate in the socializing. If you are a woman in the South Korean culture it is inappropriate to drink heavily. In addition even though it is expectable for a Korean to be a little late it is not for a guest, make sure to schedule ample time to get where you are going. Always be aware of your non verbal language. In the United States we cross our legs, have strong handshakes, and blow our noses where ever we are. All of these are insults in the Korean culture. Americans can sometimes seem very direct and almost cold toned. Be aware of this, it will only cause negativity amongst your Korean associates. Remain patient, South Koreans like to take there time. They have a completely different thinking process. Americans think about the end result. South Koreans dissect every aspect of a situation individually before thinking about the end result. By showing frustration, it will cause an adverse affect. It will only create more issues to discuss further and analyze. In dealing with Asian negotiators, knowledge of cultural differences is very important. Although they said that â€Å"knowledge of the Korean culture and language is imperative to success† (â€Å"Business†). For example, the attitudes towards law and sanctity of the contract are different between Westerners and Koreans. In the Western view, contract â€Å"sets out duties and responsibilities for each side and is supposedly sacrosanct† (â€Å"Business†). Although in Korea view, the contract is considered â€Å"an organic document which can change as conditions evolve† (â€Å"Business†). So American negotiators should have this concept already in mind before going into a negotiation with Korean negotiators. Another example of culture differences is in the use of â€Å"expensive gifts and lavish entertainment† as a part of business practice in South Korea. When American negotiators first arrive in Korea, the Korean counterparts might invite them to dinners; take them to a night out, etc. But what American negotiators should take in mind is that this is not a kind of bribery, but rather just how South Koreans do business and build relationships. Work Cited Business Social Etiquette, 24-Apr-2003 21:36, 29-Apr-2004, craxycolour. com/os/southkorea_02. shtml Cultural Business Considerations for South Korea, Michigan District Export Council, 29-Apr-2004, exportmichigan. com/korea_cultural_business_considerations. htm Dersky, Helen. International Management, Managing across Borders and Cultures, Pearson Education Inc. , Upper Saddle River New Jersey, 1994 Doing Business in South Korea (with description), Asia travelinfo. com. 19-July-2001 29-Apr-2004, asiatravelingo. om/south%20korea/doingbusiness. asp Kohls, Robert L. Learning to think Korean, â€Å"A Guide to living and Working in Korea†. Intercultural Press. Yarmouth, ME. 2001 Metcalf, Lynn Bird, Allen. Cultural Influences on Negotiation Behaviors: Resurrecting and Revitalizing an Overlooked Framework. Lynn Metcalf Allen Bird, 2003 South Korean Business Culture, Executive Planet. com, 29-Apr-204 executiveplanet. com/business-culture-in/132166436472. html Walker, W alker, Schmitz, The Guide to cross-cultural success, Doing business Internationally.