Euthanasia Research Paper - 1614 Words

Marilyn Viruet Euthanasia Would one rather save a life, or save themselves? Can someone’s life be that bad that they would ask someone to help end it? Euthanasia is an act that happens rarely. Nearly 1 in 5 doctors who care for seriously ill and people reported that they had been asked, on one or more occasions, for assistance in speeding a patients death, either by writing prescriptions for lethal drugs or delivering a lethal injection. (http://www.nytimes.com) Euthanasia is the termination of a very sick persons life in order to relieve them of their suffering. The physician would provide the patient with information or tools needed to perform the act. Not only is Euthanasia dangerous, but it involves an innocent taking the life†¦show more content†¦However, the physician can provide the patient with information that allows the patient to cause deadly harm. For example, a 45 year old woman who just found out she has stage 4 breast cancer wants to die because she knows she does not have a lo ng time. She can submit a request to her physician to terminate any care she is receiving that will make her any better. In the request she can state her reason being that she wants to die. If the physician is aware of her request and reason and participates in the action, he is in violation of the Hippocratic Oath and can get fired. Four types of physician assisted suicide or euthanasia can be committed. The physician can kill the patient intentionally without the patients permission or request, the physician can kill the patient intentionally with a request, the physician allows the patient to die by stopping any treatment being given, and lastly the physician stops any treatment that he knows will not better the patient. Each of these tupes of assisted suicide can put a doctor in a position of discomfort. Occasionally physicians do this as a patients dying wish and see it as helping their patients end their struggle or doing them a favor, but it is not productive, it causes more harm. In the UK some families who saw those patients die with assistance saw it as a right. It was discovered that a quarter of responders who have been diagnosed with a deathly illness would rather have an earlier death. SomeShow MoreRelatedResearch Paper on Euthanasia2709 Words   |  11 PagesResearch Paper on Euthanasia Paper Presented to Professor TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 Eight Arguments to Consider†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 The Right to Die†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Patient Suffering†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....3 Slippery Slope to Legalized Murder†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Hippocratic Oath and Prohibition of Killing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Government Involvement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Palliative Care†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreActive Euthanasia Pros and Cons Essay1640 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Euthanasia is a long debated topic, going back for decades in our country alone. Both sides of the topic have valid points morally and ethically. The Netherlands have had euthanasia laws in effect since 1973. America has very few states with legislation on the books: Oregon enacted in 1997, Washington 2008. Germany experimented with Active Euthanasia in the 1930’s, resulting in one of the most horrendous genocides in the past millennium. No where else do we have a cohort more at riskRead MoreEuthanasia Is An Action With A Medical Profession1525 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia is an action with a medical profession’s help to finish a patient’s life with the patient’s requirement (D, np). In many people’s mind, euthanasia gives them a picture of patients struggling miserably at the edge of death (E, np). It is a controversial topic through centuries. A lot of people support it because they consider it is a useful treatment to those patients suffer ing from physically and mentally. Meanwhile, same amount of people try to find negative impacts of it to againstRead MoreEuthanasi The Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia1650 Words   |  7 PagesQualitative Research Proposal What do 18-25 year old Adelaide students think about legalising voluntary euthanasia in Australia? Introduction The purpose of this research is to seeking and analysing the opinions about legalising voluntary euthanasia within Adelaide students (aged 18-25 years old). With recent changes to legalisation of child euthanasia in Belgium, the controversial issue of euthanasia is currently being re-spotlighted all over the world. Ongoing active discussion on the legalisationRead More Euthanasia Essay example1344 Words   |  6 Pages Euthanasia, also known as mercy killing is a practice of ending a life to release an individual from an incurable disease or intolerable suffering. Euthanasia has been accepted both legally and morally in various forms in many societies but not in all. â€Å"In ancient Greece and Rome it was permissible in some situations to help others die. For example, the Greek writer Plutarch mentioned that in Sparta infanticide was practiced on children who lacked quot;health and vigor.quot; Both Socrates andRead MoreEuthanasi A Way Out Of Suffering1742 Words   |  7 Pages Euthanasia; A Way Out Of Suffering Chelsey L. Isner Weir High School Mrs. Lengthorn Mrs. Pellegrino  Abstract Human euthanization is not something new, but it is widely believed to be unethical. In reality, human euthanization is a painless solution to a terminal illness. The topic of this paper is how euthanization for humans is not a bad thing. During the writing process questions were asked about how religion views euthanasia, if it would be used for suicidal purposes, If Belgium’s lawRead MoreIs Euthanasia A Lethal Injection?1269 Words   |  6 Pagesto death, veterinarians will inform the owner on options of euthanasia or â€Å"putting the pet to sleep.† While the owner officially has to make the decision of putting the pet out of it’s pain or misery with a lethal injection. In the case of humans, rather than animals, whether or not a lethal injection should be given is a highly argued ethical and economical matter. In this paper, peoples’ cultures and how they affect the view of euthanasia, will be discussed along with the cost of medical proceduresRead Mor eMy Portfolio Is A Reflection Of The Two Best864 Words   |  4 PagesPossibilities,† and my Research-based Academic Argument (RBAA), â€Å"Euthanasia.† These two essays are my best work, and were both improvements from the first essay that I completed for this class. With many hours being put into both of these papers, I worked hard to stay organized and have good research, both things that I previously had problems with. My writing skills have become much stronger in persuasive and logical writing, thanks to this class, along with my ability to find strong research for my essaysRead MoreEuthanasia - Arguments For And Against Euthanasia Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesEnd of life - Euthanasia - Arguments for and against euthanasia. (2006, April 1). Retrieved November 6, 2015. This article sets out the most vital and most recurrently adduced arguments for and against euthanasia. Each subdivision takes as its root, one aspect of the discussion. For example, autonomy and the inviolability of life, designating how it is probable to argue both for and against euthanasia, correspondingly, on the basis of the identical facet. It suggests â€Å"The account will include suchRead MoreThe Controversial Topic of Euthanasia975 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia is a controversial topic throughout today’s society. As euthanasia is illegal in America, Singer fights for the legalization of voluntary euthanasia, which means the patients make voluntary request to be assisted to die. While religious views value that the life cannot be taken away so easily, Singer focuses on the human rights that enable their choices to die or not to die. However, I do not agree with singer’s respect for autonomy on the issue of voluntary euthanasia because this issue

Abigail Adams and How She Shaped the Role of Women in...

Almost everyone’s heard of her, there have been numerous books written about her, several thousand letters accounted for that she wrote. She was also the wife of the second president and the mother to the sixth American president, who was this woman? She was Abigail Adams. Abigail Adams life didn’t acquire meaning solely from knowing and being around these two great men however, Adams was eminently worth knowing as an individual herself. Throughout the ages, women have always been involved in war but Abigail Adams brought a new concept to women and war with her involvement in the early colonial years and the American Revolution. Abigail Adams did many things in her lifetime but the questions I will be attempting to answer is how†¦show more content†¦Therefore, although she had no formal education herself Abigail was well informed on philosophy, theology, the classics, ancient history, government and law, she especially enjoyed Shakespeare. At the ripe young age of nineteen Abigail Smith became Abigail Adams when she married John Adams. Getting married at nineteen was the standard age for marriage at that time and their marriage was a great partnership approved by all. They wed in her Smith family home in Weymouth Massachusetts by her father, Reverend Smith. John Adams was a lawyer at the time and after the ceremony they drove off in a horse carriage to the Adam’s family cottage where they lived for the beginning time of their marriage. They later moved to Boston and lived in a series of rented homes before settling in their large farm â€Å"Peace field† in 1787 while John Adams was Minister to Great Britain. From the time after the Adams settled on their farm, Abigail Adams began writing. Her letters were mostly to her husband John who was constantly away on business, along with to various other correspondents, mainly family and friends. Shortly after her marriage to John, Abigail gave birth to three sons and two daughters from 1765 to 1772. Abigail Adams was a hard worker and involved mother; even sharing the finances and the farming on their property, while John was off working at his law firm in Boston or away elsewhere onShow MoreRelatedAbigail Adams : Exemplary And Stereotypes919 Words   |  4 PagesAbigail Adams: Exemplary in Differences and Stereotypes Of Women in the 18th Century Abigail Adams is one of the most well known women in our national history. Her life demonstrated many characteristics that were exemplary in difference and also typical for her gender of the eighteenth century. Her education, religion, marriage and gender all attributed to make her the admirable woman we study today. In her early life, Abigail never went to school, which was common among girls of that time. â€Å"ColonialRead MoreAbigail Adams And The Second President Of The Military During The Revolutionary War Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesAbigail Adams was a wife and a mother, but she was more than that. She was considered as an unofficial adviser for her husband John Adams, who was the second president of the United States. President Adams frequently requested advice from Abigail on many matters, and although she was not given any recognition during her time, she was an important figure for many people to come. Abigail was the voice for women’s movement, and a champion of the military during the Revolutionary war. Overall, she wasRead MoreWomens Rights: Before and After the American Revolution1697 Words   |  7 Pages Before and After the American Revolution The American Revolution played a significant role in lives of nearly every person in America. Most men left their wives, mothers, sisters and daughters in charge of farms and businesses when they left to fight in the Patriot armies. There were many men, who had no farms or businesses, left their women with absolutely nothing to fall back on. This led to a significant increase in the population of impoverished women in several cities and townsRead MoreHow Education Should Be Structured Essay2015 Words   |  9 PagesSince the birth of Puritanism in what is now the United States of America, education has been shaped and molded time and time again with each movement of North American history. Most early American literature was persevered not in the form of novels, but in letters, diary and journal entries, and memoirs. These works often focused on the daily struggle of the author and the author’s love for God even in straining situations. The Pilgrims, as well as the Puritans , believed that a firm education wasRead MoreFreedom And Freedom Of Freedom1864 Words   |  8 Pages Freedom, a loosely used word to describe something that us Americans, enjoy on a daily basis. Freedom, as defined in the Oxford Online Dictionary as being in â€Å"the state or fact of being free from servitude, constraint, inhibition, etc.; liberty.† America, prior to gaining independence in 1776 from Great Britain, was not referred to as a free country. The colonists, were under constant control of the British, even half-way around the world. Freedom during this time period prior to 1776 did not experienceRead MoreBuilding A Republic : Who Exactly Are The People?1796 Words   |  8 Pagesand as a result of the monarchy now being gone, new questions arose such as how to define citizenship, who should be given suffrage, and ultimately who should rule. This resulted in the adoption of the Articles of Confederation (Roark 198). Overall, we come to understand that the states h ad difficulty in defining who was meant by the term â€Å"the people† and the process of defining freedom (Roark 201). My paper will prove how arduous it was for this transition into freedom to take place and all the obstaclesRead MoreLeading Function of Management15642 Words   |  63 Pagesmanagement. It deals with chalking out a future course of action deciding in advance the most appropriate course of actions for achievement of pre-determined goals. According to KOONTZ, â€Å"Planning is deciding in advance - what to do, when to do how to do. It bridges the gap from where we are where we want to be†. A plan is a future course of actions. It is an exercise in problem solving decision making. Planning is determination of courses of action to achieve desired goals. Thus, planningRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesComprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology

Entrepreneurial Leadership Free Essays

Not unlike its sister field of leadership, entrepreneurship has long struggled to identify a coherent theoretical and conceptual framework capable of explaining the phenomenon known as â€Å"entrepreneurship† and more importantly the role of the â€Å"entrepreneur. † The focus of this paper is to examine similarities and differences between the fields of leadership and entrepreneurship and create a working definition of the â€Å"entrepreneurial leader. † The field of entrepreneurship has long held that there is a symbiotic bond between the creation of the new venture and the role of the entrepreneurial leader-founder. We will write a custom essay sample on Entrepreneurial Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now The entrepreneurship leader lends his/her vision, leadership style and strategy to the very essence or the core of the business. The individual is a major independent variable influencing the outcome and success of the business. Introduction The function of leadership and the role of the leader is a constant point of debate among scholars, researchers, and practitioners. Issues abound regarding whether leaders are â€Å"born† or â€Å"made. † The early literature on entrepreneurship focused on trait theory and the role of the individual. More recent studies have examined the characteristics and intentions between those entrepreneurs who start â€Å"lifestyle† business versus growth or â€Å"gazelle† entrepreneurs. The concept of â€Å"entrepreneurship leadership† is raising the intellectual debate to a new plane. This paper seeks to rise to the challenge be presenting arguments supporting the â€Å"entrepreneurial leadership† concept. Entrepreneurial Leadership 1. Discuss the common elements described in the theories/philosophies or Case, Kouzes, and Drucker including how their principles/strategies relate to the new definition of entrepreneurial leadership presented in Understanding Entrepreneurial Leadership in today’s Dynamic Markets. After listening to the podcasts of Steve Case, former Leadership Challenge the reading the article written by Peter Drucker of entitled, Entrepreneurial Strategies and the conference proceeding from the Association of Small Business and Entrepreneurial. Former AOL CEO and Chairman Steve Case describe people, passion, and perseverance as the three words that are the bedrock of a successful entrepreneurial. Heading into what may be a â€Å"golden era of entrepreneurship. † Entrepreneurship is a very important to the underlining success of our country in the future. But, â€Å"he says that we must rely on the ‘’three p’s† as an assessment to help guide us with our direction and goals. When all of these three parts are in balance almost everything is possible, but if not nothing is possible. And an entrepreneur can achieve success like that of AOL; when they aren’t, you get the failure of the AOL-Time Warner merger. Next, James Kouzes talks about five key areas in order to rise to the leadership challenge. He says that modeling the way is the foundation of creditability. Managers and front-line supervisors must always set a good example and doing what they say by personally modeling that way. And, because they have the most influential on a day-to-day behavior they must have a forward looking vision for the organization. They must also challenge the process by focusing on improvements by trying something new and different.  They must enable other to act by focusing on the team in-order see what motivate them to do their best and last they must encourage the heart by simply saying â€Å"thank you† for a job well done. Entrepreneurial Leadership 2. Discuss your leadership style or the style you aspire to be and how it compares to transactional, transformation, visionary, charismatic, principled, and entrepreneurial leadership. In today’s connective global environment, it is very clear that a new type of principled leader is needed who can operate in this highly changing dynamic market. This complex and volatile environments, calls for an entrepreneurial approach of having the right people are doing the right things, for the right people, in the right way, in the right place, at the right cost, and for the right reasons. This along visionary leadership increases efficiency by moving decision-making responsibility to the frontline. This efficiency is achieved with limited supervision to make the frontline responsibility effective; leadership must give workers opportunity to develop quality decision-making skills and learn to trust them. Wal-Mart stores use visionary leadership). This will enhance the firm’s performance, its capacity for adaptation, and its chances to long term survival. We must now operate under the assumption that the landscape of business is not isolated by city, state, and US borders, so entrepreneurial leaders can gain strategic advantage by developing global strategies. 3. As new entrepreneur, discuss how you would use resources and tools available through the Small Business Administration and score.  Starting a business involves planning, making key financial decisions and completing a series of legal activities. But, the U. S. Small Business Administration has several easy steps to help new entrepreneurs plan, prepare and manage their business. Such as, templates for writing a business plan, choosing a business location and determine the legal structure of your business just to name a few. Although, the federal and state government agencies do not provide grants to veterans like myself for starting a business.  However, there are a number of low-interest loans programs that’s available to help us obtain start-up financing. 4. If you were to create your personal principles of leadership, what would they be and explain why you would chose them. Personal leadership helps in realizing one’s right traits, skills, and motives to produce positive and constructive results. Leadership is not easy and it is often linked to walking in a minefield. The people who become leaders with the consent of others are the ones that succeed, rather than the self-proclaimed leaders. In order to be successful, a leader should abide by one’s own principles first and then tell others to follow. For instant, higher productivity from everyone, increased operational efficiency and effectiveness, improved motivation and morale from team members, and great job satisfaction in getting the best from the staff. Because, if an individual has a right vision to achieve the goals, he/she can never fail. Moreover, failures make one realizes their hidden strengthens and provide an opportunity to work better. How to cite Entrepreneurial Leadership, Essay examples Entrepreneurial Leadership Free Essays Using the WileyPlus resources, go to the Interactive Case Study â€Å"Five Guys Burgers and Fries: Ingredients for Success† example located in Chapter 3. To access the entire textbook, use the WileyPLUS Read, Study Practice link located in the Student Center. Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Entrepreneurial Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now Determine how Five Guys’ philosophy sets it apart from other fast-food chains. 2. Analyze the original values for the start-up company and how it remains strong today. . Enumerate three (3) factors that contributed to Five Guys’ success in such a short time and what effect, if any, external markets had on these factors. 4. Assess how ethical and social practices are part of the Five Guys’ culture and provide examples to support your choices. 5. Use at least five (5) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. †¢Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: Examine the private enterprise systems, drivers of change on the system, ethical and social responsibilities of business, and the requirements for success in today’s business environment. †¢Analyze the factors that drive supply and demand, different types of market structures in a free enterprise system, and factors of stability in a nation’s economy. †¢Use technology and information resources to research issues in contemporary business. †¢Write clearly and concisely about contemporary business using proper writing mechanics. How to cite Entrepreneurial Leadership, Papers

Digital Evidence Gathering Relationship to Chain of Custody

Question: Discuss about theDigital Evidence Gathering for Relationship to Chain of Custody. Answer: Introduction With the introduction of modern technologies and advanced processes of communication through electronic medium, huge volumes of data are being generated at a high velocity each day. Various law enforcement officers face challenges with the extraction of the digital evidences from different types of data storage devices. The data gathered from any laptops, digital cameras, cellular phones, hard drives, computers and even game that are related to any offence are defined as Digital Evidence (Abalenkovs et al., 2012, p-2136). The digital evidences found in the electronic devices triggers investigation in any criminal case. During an investigation, both the physical and digital evidence plays important role in decision making procedure in courtroom. With the advancement of technology, digital forensics utilizes several tools for the collection, security, analyzing, interpretation and presenting the digital evidence for the reconstruction of the series of events in a judicial process. On the other hand, the Chain of Custody is defined as the legal procedure for documentation of the digital evidence in chronological manner. Moreover, Ariffin et al., (2013, p-481) defined CoC (Chain of Custody) as in significant process for handing the evidences for investigation. The application of the CoC in the digital evidence allows in correlating the documents to the time, persons, place involved in each stage of the investigation. Therefore, the need of forensic tool for gathering and evaluating the digital evidence has increased simultaneously. In any forensic cases, the digital evidence assists in demonstrating the truth and simultaneously its consequences. Damshenas et al., (2012, p-192) cited that the admissibility of the evidence is dependent upon the qualities as observed by the judge. Therefore, the validity of the evidences is directly connected to the chain of custody. The validity of the evidences in turn increases the reliability and efficiency of the procedure. Since, the digital evidences are away from the sensory perception; it cannot be submitted without a chain of custody. This particular essay aims at evaluating the procedure of gathering digital evidence with the application of the Chain of Custody. Furthermore, the various components of the CoC are considered for evaluation and its importance while collecting crucial data related to investigation (Dezfoli et al., 2013, p-61). The essay assists in understanding the relationship between the Chain of custody and procedure for collecting digital evidence for investigation. Digital Evidence Gathering and its Relationship to Chain of Custody (CoC) Main Components of CoC: To make a proper a prominent process of COC or chain of custody investigator need to follow-up with some basic components of COC. The components of COC are the some sort of standardized elements which are used to identify or measure the value of digital evidence in the circumstances of digitized investigation process (Ibrahim et al., 2012, p-254). Some of the necessary components or tenants are described below Evidence Collection time: Each and every evidence is comes with a time period and time span during the collection of evidence from the place of investigation which also include the evidence collection date (Lalla et al., 2012, p-248). The Collection date and time refer the time span of collected evidence so it can be relate to the crime incident. Date and time of digital evidence validate their circumstances with real world scenario. Evidence Collection Spot: Investigation place may be differing by their location of crime spot because the evidence may found in some remote location which may not directly connected to the crime spot (Mishra at al., 2012, p-166). The document which are collected from the exact location of crime scene is can be classified as direct evidence and the evidence which are came from different area of investigation place can be classified as indirect source location of a digital evidence. Investigation person or the Investigating authority: In the process of digital evidence collection and procurement service the main key role is played by its investigating officer. Each and every perspective of storing and preservation of data are run through a proper channel of authorization (Nasreldin et al., 2015, p-153). The main reason of this fragment is to secure the evidence collection base so, that one unknown entity (suspect) may not harm or contaminate the evidences which are acquired from the crime spot or investigation. Type of Digital Media: The frame of the digital evidence procurement services also differs. The information which kept on digital media unit for the analysis collected evidence is needed to be ciphered by a strong cryptographic algorithm so that it cannot be accessible by the conventional media player (Shrivastava et al., 2013, p-532). This processes of conversion of format not only abstract the information it also maintained the privileged of information from the outsiders. Media Owner Identification: If digital document or media is ceased from the investigation scene then it is necessary to identify or locate the person who owned the digital content. In a short way of description, it can say that the Identification process must conclude some investigation about the owner of the media (Simou et al., 2014, p-303). Indexing of Collected Evidence: Investigators are work on a very big geographic domain or area, so it is not possible to memories all the evidence which are collected from different sources. So For the purpose of proper storage utilization, indexing technique needs to collaborate with the evidence collection unit. Device Description: For getting a flexible accessibility investigation process needs to accumulate a distinguish technology or method which can store information about device type, capacity, serial no, etc. (Wu et al., 2013, p-18). Hash verification: All the information or the files are secured and processed by hash verification process for future reusability and data integrity. Hash value processing method creates a unique serial number which contain data file's cyclic redundancy information. And in any case of using the documents on an investigation purpose it is necessary to recalculate the hash value with the notation of previously captured hash value and if the new calculation process produce the same value the information is allowed for further verification (Hitchcock, Le-Khac, Scanlon, 2016, p-81). Analytical Tools: The primary backbone of the entire digital forensic investigation system is the analytical tools which are used to determine the objective or the purpose of the evidence and its validity. The analytic or forensic tolls come in two type's format one is propriety, and another one is open source utility (Rani, Sultana, Sravani, 2016, p-98). All the tools are differed by their functionality and area of action. The above mentioned components and function are here to declare the process of forensic investigation over digital media. CoCs Importance for Gathering Digital Evidence: Establishment of the Chain of Custody for authentication of the digital evidence is crucial need before presenting the evidence in the courtroom. The transfer, storage and seizure of the evidence are accounted through the CoC. Pichan, Lazarescu, and Soh, (2015, p-43) cited that it is essential for the application CoC procedure for the admissible of digital evidence for investigation in court. Importance to the Investigators: The forensic data gathered from the digital devices allowed the investigators to view the metadata of the digital file but restricts the identification of the procedures the file was created. Since, some information about the gathered data are missing does not imply that the data have been compromised. Siegel, and Mirakovits, (2015, p-55) showed that the chain of custody allows the investigators to discover the location, process and creator of the acquired evidence. Importance to the Courtroom: The presentation of the Chain of Custody allows the prosecutor or the attorney to dismiss or challenge the series of digital evidences produced in the courtroom. With the proper utilization of the Chain of Custody along with digital evidence like video and audio evidences provides admissibility and authenticity of the presented evidences in the court. De Marco, Ferrucci, and Kechadi, (2014, p-251) showed that the various new procedures for establishing the Chain of Custody are becoming popular in the legal procedures. Moreover, the online services available for recording the CoC of the digital evidence Nelson, Phillips, and Steuart, (2014, p-187). Further, the introduction f he cloud storage has significantly eliminated the need of the file transfer and presentation of the physical copies of the digital evidence. Elyas et al., (2014, p-101) cited, that the standard procedure for backup, security measures and surveillance cameras are followed in the CoC th at has impress the reliability of the digital evidences. Apart from that, the Chain of Custody allows the investigator to track his steps whenever any wrong or improper evidence is found during the authentication procedure. During the case of doubt of the reliability of the evidences, the process of CoC allows to find the person responsible for the flaws with the backtracking process. Importance to the Investigation: The applicator of the Chain of Custody is the first crucial process for authenticating the video and audio evidences presented in courtroom. Identification of the Chain of Custody allows in determining whether the digital evidence has been coned or copied. With the advancement of technology, the digital media has become more easily accessible for modification, alteration and editing. Most of the time, the physical evidences are directly not available during the time of seizure or acquisition. Prayudi, Ashari, and Priyambodo, (2014, p-61) cited, that in many cases, the digital media are obtained from the police or clients that are accompanied by series of other legal documents. The paper trial is the significant part of the timeline as it authenticated the source and destination of the file transfer. With the application of the CoC, the prosecutor can raise questions about the authenticity of the digital evidence in case of missing timeline in the inve stigation. Creating a Chain of Evidence with all the digital evidences in the investigation eliminated all the suspicious against the reliability and authenticity of evidences provided in the courtroom (Shridhar, Chandrakant, Baburao, 2014, p-52). Furthermore, the Chain of Custody provides access to the administrative of retrieval, modification and date of access to the evidence. The procedure of the chain of the custody the application of the forensic process is applied on the copy of the digital evidence while the original copy is kept intact. Therefore, the CoC also allows comparison of the examined file with the original one (Stirland et al., 2014, p-99). Therefore, maintaining a Chain of Custody is one of the crucial processes for proving proof for the authenticity of the evidence provided. Various Ways CoC Can be Compromised: The Chain of Custody provides the detailed record of items or digital evidence possessed by each individual in a particular instance of timeline for investigation. The Chain of custody of the digital data has the risks of alteration and comprised (Taylor, Fritsch, Liederbach, 2014, p-252). The Chain of Custody for digital evidence begins from the collection phase, to evaluation phase till the presentation to the court for justice. The data stored in the database has the potential for getting altered, misplaced and compromised. The Chain of Custody can be compromised n various ways including the failure to indentify the digital data as evidence from the crime cite. Moreover, the failure to collect raw data from the investigation site before it has been manipulated with. The digital data need to be stored in safe and secure places for maintaining and securing the log of the people accessing the files. The storage capacity and technological devices has evolved exponentially with time ( Bulbul, Yavuzcan, Ozel, 2013, p-247). Moreover, the inefficiency in understanding the how the digital data can be authenticated fails to provide justification to the Chain of Custody. The information stored and gathered during the Chain of Custody is essential for the verification and authentication of the digital information while presenting them to the courtroom. Since, the digital evidences are easy to manipulated, significant measures needs to be taken for preventing the data from being compromised. Arora, Bhatt, and Pant, (2012, p-52) cited that for preventing data manipulation, it is essential to identify the cause of the data manipulation in protecting the Chain of Custody. Many times, the investigators examine the digital information on the file collected from the crime scenes. The changes made in the original files permanently change the digital evidences and cannot be recovered back (Goel, Tyagi, Agarwal, 2012, p-340). Collecting the digital files on an unsecure device has severe risk of manipulation from external entity. The digital data gets word out with time. The optical disks that are used for storing data are subjected to fungi and the electromagnetic disks get worn out with time. The lack of maintenance of the IT infrastructure and system result in the loss of the digital data and evidences (Saxena, Shrivastava, Sharma, 2012, p-68). Most of the cases, the digital data and the digital evidences are subjected to manipulation from the internal procedure of the organization. The lack of ethical considerations and procedure followed in the CoC results in the flaws in the digital evidences. Therefore, the officials in charge of the CoC authority often lead to the errors in the Chain of Custody (Hasan, Mahmood, Raghav, 2012, p-402). The lack of following the procedure for marinating the log list every time any officials changes of access the digital evidences creates wrong timeline in analyzing the evidences in the Chain of Custody. Moreover, the digital evidences are stored in the CDs hard drives, pen drives and database. The failure in the storage devices has can cause to the loss of the crucial data and information collected from the investigation site. Moreover, with the advancement of the technology, the hackers have also found various innovative ways to hack in to the account and manipulate the data (Marangos, Rizomiliotis, Mitrou, 2012, p-777). The hackers found various ways of breaking the security measures and entering the database where the digital data are stored. The insecure computers, laptops used for the storage and analysis of the digital information can be easily manipulated. The hackers hack in to the information system, and changes the log details and audit in the Chain of Custody (Ariffin, Choo, Slay, 2013, p-41). Moreover, the lack of security in the IT infrastructure in organization usually leads to the loss and manipulation of the digital data collected from the crime sites. Various Ways CoC can be Protected: In case of Chain of Custody, the digital evidences are gathered, analysis and investigation, the evidences are stored in electronics devices. For maintain and preserving the Chain of Custody, the investigator needs to protect the digital evidence from the time of collection to the time of presentation in the courtroom for judgment (Homem, Dosis, Popov, 2013, p-160). For ensuring the Chain of Custody, and to provide evidence that the digital evidences are kept intact, and unaltered, the investigator needs to guarantee that the evidences presented n the courtroom are same as the evidence recovered from the site of crime. Furthermore, the investigator needs to provide the exact date and time of the transfer of the digital evidences needs to be submitted (McMillan, Glisson, Bromby, 2013, p-4901). In addition to that, the investigators will ensure that the digital evidences have not been tampered with while in the custody. Maintaining the Chain of Custody for the digital evidences is more crucial than the physical evidences. Rajamaki, and Knuuttila, (2013, p-199) stated that the hackers are present everywhere for altering the digital evidence. The investigators and analyst needs to protect the evidence from login spoofing in the real time. Tampering with the initial phase of the evidence during investigation is only the beginning of the tampering. Therefore, digital evidences need to be protected from the time of collection from the crime site. Therefore, all the digital evidences needs to be collected using safe and secure devices and required to be stored in the hack proof devices and network (Yadav, Mishra, Prakash, 2013, p-168). Since all the networks are ultimately connected to the Internet, securing the Chain of Custody has become more difficult with days. Therefore, the investigator needs to follow and maintain various processes for securing the collected evidences and data. The data collection procedure in forensic evidence is gathered through manual procedure and some through the electronic devices (Ajijola, Zavarsky, Ruhl, 2014, p-71). The investigators need to audit files and used centralized logging techniques for storing the digital files. In case f both the manual and digital data collection, centralized login will provide static data that are kept out of reach of the hackers. In many cases, the hackers used compromised login times and plants information misleading the investigation procedure. The manipulation of the log list will result in the violation and hampering of the chain of custody in maintaining the digital evidence. Therefore, the investigator needs to create a digital chain of custody for maintain the log list (Reichert, Richards, Yoshigoe, 2014, p-726). This can be achieved with securing at least one computer used for storing the evidences. Furthermore, the investigator needs to use safe and secure laptop and devices for extracting the digital evidences from the crime site. Therefore, for collecting the evidences in the unsecured environment, secure electronic devices needs to be used. It is difficult to re-establish security if the digital data are being modified or tampered with within the organization. For preventing these issues, the investigator needs to secure and address the vulnerabilities present with the forensic organization. Therefore, the organization needs to analyze the security vulnerabilities before investigating the digital evidences. Therefore, the most essential procedure of securing the digital data is to secure the IT infrastructure where the digital data are being stored and analyzed (Valjarevic, Venter, Ingles, 2014, p-7). For protecting the Chain of Custody the digital evidences needs to be protected from the hackers, manipulation and alteration. Apart from that, a log is maintained every time the evidence is transferred or taken out from the organization. Therefore, the digital logs keep a record of the persons and time whenever the digital evidences are transferred and are given access to any persons. Furthermore, the digital evidence is deposited by handing over the devices to the owner. Impact of the Integrity of Evidence on Investigation Process: Integrity of the digital evidence refers to the consistency and accuracy of the digital evidence collected for analysis form the crime scene. The data integrity in the forensic investigation procedure plays a significant role in the processing and analysis if the digital evidence. With the application of the Chain of Custody, the digital forensic investigators required to know the person, time and process of handling the digital information during an investigation process. If the Chain of Custody is compromised or altered the timeline of the evidence processing goes missing that affects the result of the investigation. The digital data are usually stored in hard drives, in the secure computers. The investigators must ensure that the digital evidences remains bit to bit as it was during the collection of the data evidences at the crime site (Bulbul, Yavuzcan, Ozel, 2013, p-251). Therefore, the forensic data analyst ensures that digital evidences when presented at the court remains sa me after bypassing all the examination and procedures, after handing by all the staffs during the evidence processing. The disadvantage of evaluating and working with the digital evidences is that they can be easily accessed and modified without noticing. The integrity of the digital evidence needs to be maintained for protecting the data confidentiality and security of the data (Reichert, Richards, Yoshigoe, 2014, p-728). The methods and procedure for maintaining the integrity of the digital information is costly and requires much modification in the system for CoC. The investigation process deals with the both the systematic tools and techniques and systematic collection of the digital data. The significant objective of the forensic investigation process is to create a focal point among the investigation area such that the investigators could identify the relevant information that are directly or indirectly connected the crime with the evidences acquired. All the forensic evidences rely upon the proper investigation and analysis of the collected digital data (McMillan, Glisson, Bromby, 2013, p-4902). All the collected information required to be checked for cyclic redundancy error and hash code validation so that it cannot be changed or altered by an eternal entity during transmission. Another approach for better transportation of the digital evidences form one place to another in the process of CoC needs to be encrypted with the cryptographic processes (Ariffin, Choo, Slay, 2013, p-45). The digital evidences stored in the database, digital signature needs to be employed for maintaining the integrity of the information in the system. The digital data and evidences have the potential for changing the result of the investigation. The judgment of any case mostly depends on the validity of the evidences presented to support any theory in the courtroom. The presence of digital evidences like video recording, or CCTV footage of the occurrence of the crime has the potential for changing the verdict of the judgment. If the digital evidence is tampered with during the storage, analyzing or presentation of the digital evidence on court, it can change the judgment of the investigation (McMillan, Glisson, Bromby, 2013, p-4907). Therefore, the integrity of the digital evidence means preserving the authenticity and proof of the document and evidence provided in the courtroom. The integrity of the data means, during the investigation, the data is been preserves as it during the collection of the information from the investigation site. Therefore, the integrity of the digital information provides authentication and reliability of the evidences provided in the courtroom and ensures that the evidences presented are in true form and authentic as gathered. Problems and Limitations of CoC: There are several types of issues are related to the digital investigation process which can create a catastrophic impact over COC (Chain of Custody). The different types of circumstances which can affect the entire operation during the process of COC are also described in the context of this analysis. The digital forensic process of COC based investigation is diming with the vulnerability from the both side of investigation process where one side is infected by the victims another threat is come from the investigators side. Maybe this instinct is not the only thing which can harm a COC process. The contradiction between the investigator and the victim is happened in many ways some of them are like as follows - The trust factor among the evidence supplier and the investigator, if the evidence supplier or the victim's loss their faith over the investigator then they might eliminate all evidence which may relate some confidential about himself or herself (Abalenkovs et al., 2012). The victims may accidently erase all the information about the confidential data. This situation is also caused by the investigator by using of improper guidelines during the evidence storage process. Apart from this issue of fault measurement, the information leakage issue is a bigger strike of evidence hampering the process (Reichert, Richards, Yoshigoe, 2014, p-729). The leakage of information can be drawn from an internal factor of whistle blowing or an external entity. The problems do not only lie between the information leakage it will more hamper the entire process if they are broadcast over digital media. The technical factors are more severe than the threat which comes from the operational approach of COC base evidence collection. Technical obstacles are broadly classified into two categories which can be noted as user-defined complexity and other one is system defined complexity. The user-defined complexity can give more hurdles towards the investigator because of its non-structured format of information protection (Ariffin, Choo, Slay, 2013, p-44). The Suspect or victims may be loaded with the highly classified security measurement where the security provider does not exist in real world or identity of security provider is highly classified. In that case the chances of getting information from the digital source are become very low. Whereas the systematic complexity is less tough than the user-defined complexity but the chance of information extraction is also low and it varied from the different deviation of technology integration over the computing devices (Hasan, Mahmood, Ragh av, 2012, p-401). The process of systematic complexity is also divided into third party security module and default system module. In the history of forensic analysis it is been observed that the default security mechanism is easy to analyses because it have low level consent of privacy mechanism. But when it comes to third party security module integration then it is difficult to analyze (Abalenkovs et al., 2012, p-2271). Third party applications are used to provide the better security solution. So it is inconceivable to break the security measurement for a better forensic analysis. The other issue which can restrain the limit of COC based digital forensic application is belongs to the ethical responsibility. The ethical responsibility issue can also create problems due the different types of privacy act, legal settlement and data collection procedure (McMillan, Glisson, Bromby, 2013, p-4908). The ethical responsibility is standing to moralized the human concerns of privacy which also reduce the performance of digital investigation and its standard. Conclusion The development of technology has tremendous effect on our society. Its drive our human race into the new phase of evolution. But the problem comes when the complexity arises. The digital forensic investigation by using of COC creates a new horizon towards the investigation of different type crime scene. The process of COC based investigation is spread out over the different layer of data storage unit, computing unit, mobile device etc. and there are several law and regulations are passed to establish the investigation framework. The collection of the digital evidences and presenting them in after verification of the authenticity and reliability of the evidences has the significant potential to change the verdict of the judgment. With the advancement of technology, the world is supporting more digital evidences in a legal investigation. For providing the digital evidences for investigation and supporting the fact, the digital evidences required to be authenticated on the reliability. One of the best practices followed for the collection, storage and analysis of the digital evidence is Chain of Custody. In change of custody, a series are standardized procedure is followed for the authentication and maintenance of the integrity of the data. The use of the Chain of Custody provides in providing evidential support and proves to the digital data provided as evidences for an investigation. The use of the computer forensic allows gathering, safeguarding and maintenance of the digital information gathered from the investigation sites. Although, the Chain of Custody follows an series of log in and metadata about who, when and where accessed the data, it can be easily be tampered and altered, therefore altering the CoC and timeline of investigation. Most of the cases, the alteration of the CoC has been found as the result of the lack of security in the devices and IT infrastructure of the organization that deals with the storage and analysis of the digital information. 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